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OLD 
LONDON   SILVER 


ITS  HISTORY,  ITS  MAKERS 
AND  ITS  MARKS 


BY 

MONTAGUE    HOWARD 


WITH  TWO  HUNDRED  ILLUSTRATIONS, 
AND  OVER  FOUR  THOUSAND  FACSIMILES 
OF  MAKERS'   MARKS  AND  HALL-MARKS 


CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS 
NEW  YORK:  B.  T.  BATSFORD 
94  HIGH  HOLBORN,  LONDON 

1903 


Copyright,  1903,  by 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons 


Published  October,  /<}oj 


PRINTED  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  BY 
THE    DE  VINNE    PRESS 


THIS    BOOK    IS    AFFECTIONATELY    DEDICATED    TO    MY    FATHER 

^osepb  iplatt  1bowart> 

AS    A    TRIBUTE    DUE    HIM    FOR    HIS    KNOWLEDGE    OF    ANTIQ.UE   SILVER, 

AND    AS    A    MARK    OF   APPRECIATION    FOR 

THE    VALUABLE    ADVICE    AND   GREAT    ASSISTANCE 

THAT    HE    HAS    RENDERED    IN    THE    PREPARATION    OF   THIS    WORK 

M.  H. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2013 


http://archive.org/details/oldlondonsilveriOOhowa 


PREFACE 

This  handbook  on  Old  London  Silver  is  presented  to  the 
public  after  many  years  of  study  and  practical  experience 
in  this  fascinating  department  of  antiques. 

The  literature  on  antique  silver  is  limited,  and  is  mostly 
found  in  old  books  which  have  occasional  references  to  the 
subject.  We  have  been  fortunate  in  having  had  access  to 
many  (some  two  hundred  and  fifty)  which  contain  allusions 
to  old  silver.  We  are,  of  course,  indebted  for  much  valu- 
able information  to  the  works  of  Mr.  Chaffers,  and  especially 
to  "Old  English  Plate"  by  Mr.  Cripps. 

It  is  perhaps  not  generally  known  that  the  terms  silver- 
smith and  goldsmith  are  used  synonymously  in  England; 
they  are  so  employed  in  this  book ;  also  that  the  word 
"plate"  does  not  mean  "plated  ware,"  but  describes  an 
article  of  gold  or  silver. 

A  short  history  of  the  silversmiths'  art  in  England  is  given, 
illustrated  by  portraits  of  distinguished  silversmiths  taken 
from  old  engravings  that  were  procured  after  much  research. 

Articles  of  ecclesiastical  plate  have  not  been  considered, 


viii  PREFACE 

but  only  those  pieces  of  silver  that  one  finds  on  a  well- 
appointed  table.  An  historical  sketch  of  each  article  is  given, 
in  which  the  changes  of  style  are  noted  and  pictured  by 
over  two  hundred  examples.  To  secure  some  of  these 
illustrations  was  a  matter  of  difficulty,  and  they  have,  with 
a  very  few  exceptions,  never  before  been  published. 

As  nine-tenths  ot  the  desirable  antique  silver  that  exists 
is  of  English  manufacture,  descriptions  are  confined  to  that 
alone,  and  as  nearly  all  of  this  silver  was  made  in  London, 
entire  attention  has  been  devoted  to  the  London  hall- 
marks. These  are  given  in  the  most  complete  and  accurate 
table  yet  published.  Unique  and  simple  in  its  general  plan, 
it  is  possible  by  its  use  for  any  one  to  determine  the  exact 
date  ot  any  piece  with  the  London  hall-marks. 

The  list  of  makers'  marks  is  also  the  most  elaborate 
ever  compiled.  The  marks  have  been  gathered  from 
every  available  source,  and  are  arranged  alphabetically  so 
that  reference  and  comparison  can  be  made  without  refer- 
ring to  an  index. 

The  present  wardens  ot  the  Goldsmiths'  Company  hav- 
ing refused  us  permission  (which  for  the  earlier  dates  had 
previously  been  accorded  to  others)  to  copy  from  their 
books  the  marks  and  names  of  the  silversmiths  registered 
during  the  nineteenth  century,  we  have,  in  a  measure,  sup- 


PREFACE  ix 

plied  this  information  by  compiling  from  the  London  direc- 
tories, for  the  fifty  years  from  1801  to  1850,  the  name  and 
address  of  every  London  silversmith  of  that  period,  thus 
bringing  the  list  of  makers  up  to  modern  times. 

The  difficult  question  of  frauds  is  considered,  and  the  pit- 
falls for  the  amateur  pointed  out.  We  have  endeavored,  as 
far  as  possible,  to  indicate  the  proper  place  tor  the  hall- 
marks on  the  different  articles.  This  has  not  been  at- 
tempted  before,  but  it  is  important,  for  the  position  of  the 
marks  frequently  aids  one  in  determining  the  genuineness 
of  an  article  when  there  is  a  question  of  doubt. 

As  this  book  was  written  primarily  for  the  amateur,  tech- 
nical language,  in  most  cases,  has  been  avoided. 

Many  thanks  are  due  to  the  owners  of  the  valuable  ex- 
amples illustrated  in  this  work  for  the  privilege  of  photo- 
graphing their  silver.  All  the  articles  to  which  no  name 
of  owner  is  given  are  from  the  collection  of  Howard  &  Co. 
We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  C.  G.  Moller,  Jr.,  for  taking  many 
of  the  photographs;  to  Mr.  G.  L.  Crowell,  Jr.,  for  artistic 
assistance  in  preparing  the  illustrations  ;  and  to  Messrs. 
Crichton  Bros.,  of  London,  for  information  about  the  early 
examples  and  the  hall-marks  thereof  Mr.  Charles  H. 
Comyns,  of  London,  has  read  most  of  the  chapters,  and  his 
kindly  criticism  has  been  much  appreciated. 


'  St.  Dunstan,  as  the  story  goes, 
Once  pull'd  the  devil  by  the  nose, 
With  red-hot  tongs,  which  made  him  roar, 
That  he  was  heard  three  miles  or  more." 


"  The  legend  of  St.  Dunstan  relates  many  nriiracles  of  him,  the  most  popular  of  which  is  to  this 
effect;  that  St.  Dunstan,  as  the  fact  really  was,  became  expert  in  goldsmiths'  work;  it  then  gives 
as  a  story  that  while  he  was  busied  in  making  a  chalice,  the  devil  annoyed  him  by  his  personal 
appearance,  and  tempted  him  ;  whereupon  St.  Dunstan  suddenly  seized  the  fiend  by  the  nose  with 
a  pair  of  iron  tongs,  burning  hot,  and  so  held  him  while  he  roared  and  cried  till  the  night  was 
far  spent."     (Hone's  "  Every-day  Book.") 


CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

Introduction.  A  Short  History  of  the  Silversmiths' 
Art  in  England,  with  References  to  Some  of  the 
Noted  Silversmiths i 

I  Spoons,  Knives  and  Forks 53 

II  Salts 83 

III  Cups 91 

IV  Tankards       .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .        .125 

V  Bowls,  Cisterns,  Wine-coolers  and  Punch-ladles  137 

VI  Candlesticks,  Sconces  and  Candelabra         ,        .        .145 

VII  Kettles,  Urns,  Coffee-pots,  Jugs,  Tea-pots,  Creamers, 

Sugar  Basins  AND  Baskets,  Tea-caddies      .        .159 

VIII    Salvers 177 

IX  Cake-baskets  AND  Epergnes 181 

X  Cruets,  Muffineers  and  Wine-funnels  ,        .        .187 

XI  Meat-dishes,  Plates,  Sauce-boats,  Coasters,  Butter- 

dishes, Mustards,  Braziers,  Dish-crosses     .        .193 

XII  Frauds  201 

Makers' Marks  and  Tables 211 

London  Silversmiths,  from  1801  to  iSso        .        .        .  329 
London  Hall-marks  and  Tables         .        ,        .        .366 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 


FULL-PAGE   ILLUSTRATIONS   IN   SILVER-GILT 

Silver-gilt  Tankard Frontispiece 

FACING    PAGE 

Silver-gilt  Knives 76 

Silver-gilt  Two-handled  Cup,  by  Paul  Lamerie     .     .     .     .118 

Silver-gilt  Two-handled  Cup 122 

Silver-gilt  Candelabrum .158 

Silver-gilt  Epergne 186 


illustrations  in  the  text 


FACE 


:> 


1  Portrait  of  St.  Dunstan 3 

2  Portrait  of  Henry  Fitz  Alwyn 11 

Portrait  of  Sir  Thomas  Gresham 19 

4  Portrait  of  Nicholas  Hilliard 23 

5  Portrait  of  Sir  Hugh  Middleton 27 

6  Portrait  of  George  Heriot 31 

7  Portrait  of  Sir  Robert  Vvner 35 

8  Portrait  of  Alderman  Edward  Backwell 39 

9  Portrait  of  Sir  William  Benn 43 

Goldsmiths'  Hall  of  the  Eighteenth  Century 49 

Present  Goldsmiths'  Hall 50 

Dining-room  of  Goldsmiths'  Hall 51 

Grand  Staircase  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Hall 52 

io    Coronation  Spoon 55 

1 1  Apostle  Spoons 56 

12  Maidenhead  Spoon 57 

13  St.  Nicholas  Spoon 57 


XIII 


xiv  LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE  PAGE 

14  Diamond  Point  Spoon 5-7 

1 5  Acorn  Spoon 59 

16  Lion  Spoon 59 

17  Seal-top  Spoon 59 

18  Six-squared  Spoon 61 

19  Puritan  Spoon 61 

20  Rat  Tail  Spoon 61 

21  Marrow-spoon 6? 

22  Wavy  End  Spoon 6} 

2}     Perforated  Spoon 6} 

24  Drop-backed  Spoon 6^ 

25  Fiddle  Back  Spoon 65 

26  Onslow  Pattern  Spoon 67 

27  Old  English  Pattern  Spoon 67 

28  Kings  Pattern  Spoon 67 

29,  30  Caddy-spoons 70>  7' 

31     Pistol-handle  Knives 74 

33-31  Three-pronged  Forks 79 

36  Dessert  Service  of  Knives,  Forks,  and  Spoons 80 

37  Pedestal  Salt 82 

38  Bell  Salt , 84 

39  Steeple  Salt 8s 

40  Round  Salt 86 

41  Hexagonal  Salt 86 

42,  44  Salts  with  Three  Feet 87 

43,  45-47  Oval  Salts 87,  88 

45,  47  Pierced  Salts 88 

48,  49  Round  Salts 89 

50  Drinking-horn  —  The  Way  the  Horn  was  Used 96 

51  Ostrich  Egg  Cup 97 

52  Cocoanut  Cup 98 

53  The  "Anathema"  Cup 99 

54  Tudor  Cup 100 

55  The  Howard  Cup loi 

56  Melon  Cup 102 

57  The  Cockayne  Cup 103 

58  Hanap  or  Standing  Cup 104 

59  Standing  Cup 105 

60-62  Drinking-cups 106 

63  Beaker 108 

64  The  Burleigh  Cup 109 

65  A  Nest  of  Tumbler-cups 1 10 

66,  67  Caudle-cups 112 

68,  69  Porringers 113 

70,  71   Black-jacks 113 


LIST   OF    ILLUSTRATIONS  xv 


PAGE 


FIGl'RE 

72     Two-handled  Cup  with  Cover 116 

7^     Two-handled  Cup  with  Strapwork 117 

74     Two-handled  Cup,  by  Paul  Lainerie 118 

76  Two-handled  Cup  with  Cover 119 

77  Two-handled  Vase-shape  Cup 120 

78  Two-handled  Urn-shape  Cup 121 

80  The  Earliest  Hall-marked  Tankard  Known 123 

81  Tankard  of  1673 126 

82  Tankard  of  I S91 127 

83  Tankard  of  1681 128 

84  Tankard  of  1722 129 

8s     Tankard  of  1703 130 

86  Tankard  of  1781 131 

87  Tankard  of  1748 133 

88  Tankard  of  1784 134 

89  Engraving  on  Tankard  by  Hogarth 135 

91  Mazer  Bowl 138 

92  Monteith  Punch-bowl,  1704 138 

93-95  Bowls,  169s,  1728,  I7S2 140 

96  Silver  Punch-bowl  of  1682,  belonging  to  the  Duke  of  Rutland      .     .     .  142 

97  Wine-cooler,  Pattern  of  Warwick  Vase 142 

98  Punch-ladles 143 

99  Gloucester  Candlestick 147 

100    Candlestick  of  1665 148 

loi     Candlesticks  of  1698 149 

102  Candlesticks  of  1714 150 

103  Candlesticks  of  17S9 150 

104  Candlesticks  of  1772 isi 

105  Candlesticks  of  1774 151 

106  Candlesticks  of  179 1 152 

107  Candlesticks  of  1836 152 

108  Chamber  Candlestick 153 

109  Sconce  of  1690 155 

110  Candelabra  of  1754 .  1 56 

111  Set  of  Silver-gilt  Candelabra  of  186!^ 158 

1 1 3-1 1  5  Kettles 161,  162 

116-121  Coffee-pots 165,  167 

122     Tiger  Jug 168 

123-125  Jugs , 169 

126-129  Tea-pots 171 

130    Tea-pot,  by  Paul  Storr 172 

131-137  Creamers 174 

138,  139  Sugar  Basin  and  Basket 175 

140     Tea-caddies 176 

141-144  Trays 178,  180 


xvi  LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGIRE 

145-147  Cake-baskets 182, 

148  Epergne,  belonging  to  King  Edward  VII 

149  Epergne,  Openwork,  Grape  Pattern 

1^1     Warwick  Cruet-frame 

1 52     Pierced  Cruet-frame 

153-155,  158  Muffineers 189, 

156,  157  Peppers 

159,  160  Wine-funnels 

161     Meat-dish,  by  Paul  Lamerie 

162-165  Sauce-boats  

166-168  Coasters 

169     Butter-dish 

170,  171   Mustard-pots 

172  Brazier 

173  Dish-cross      


84 
85 
88 


9> 
91 
91 

93 
96 

97 
98 
98 
99 
99 


Example  of  Fraudulent  Silver 209 


OLD 
LONDON    SILVER 


-1  >  I  A^  /I  K  1  I-: 


irlgiaH 


SILVER-GILT  TANKARD 

No.  90  (1809) 
Height,   I  I  inches.      Weight,   122  ounces 


OLD 
LONDON    SILVER 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


INTRODUCTION 

A  Short  History  of  the  Silversmiths'  Art  in  England 

THE  art  of  working  in  the  precious  metals  was  practised 
by  all  the  nations  of  the  past  that  reached  any  degree 
of  civilization.  Therefore  it  is  not  surprising  that  excava- 
tions have  disclosed  Saxon  ornaments  made  of  gold  and 
silver,  which  were  wrought  by  our  ancestors  over  a  thou- 
sand years  ago.  The  ring  of  King  /Ethelwulf  (836-858)  is 
in  the  British  Museum,  and  the  jewel  of  King  Alfred  (871- 
901)  maybe  seen  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  .Oxford. 

Alfred  received  the  title  of  Great  not  only  because  he 
drove  the  Danes  from  his  native  land,  and  founded  England's 
navy,  but  also  for  his  energies  in  disseminating  education 
and  creating  a  love  for  the  arts.  He  greatly  encouraged  the 
making  of  gold  and  silver  articles,  and  is  supposed  to  have 
taken  a  personal  interest  in  their  production.  On  the  edge 
of  the  jewel  of  King  Alfred,  already  referred  to,  are  engraved 
these  words:  ''  Alfred  mec  heht  gevve  can  "  ("  Alfred  or- 
dered me  to  be  wrought  "). 

In  Saxon  times  the  abbeys  and  monasteries  encouraged 


2  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

the  silversmiths*  art,  and  the  monks  made  ecclesiastical 
silver  for  the  embellishment  of  the  churches.  At  the  Abbey 
of  Glastonbury,  in  England,  St.  Dunstan  (925-988)  pro- 
moted the  making  of  silver-plate,  and  was  himself  a  prac- 
tical silversmith.  He  was  of  noble  birth,  and  for  some 
time  lived  at  the  court  of  King  Athelstan  (925-940),  but 
being  disappointed  in  love  he  decided  to  become  a  monk. 
His  advancement  was  rapid,  and  did  not  cease  until  it  had 
placed  him  in  the  most  exalted  office  of  the  English  Church 
— the  Archbishopric  of  Canterbury. 

The  versatility  of  Dunstan  was  remarkable,  for  he  became 
a  musician,  a  painter,  a  carver  in  wax,  wood  and  bone,  and 
a  silversmith o  In  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries  bells, 
crosses,  and  censers  which  he  had  made  were  exhibited  at 
Glastonbury „  In  the  wardrobe  account  of  Edward  1  (1272- 
1307)  appears  the  following  item:  "A  gold  ring  with  a 
sapphire,  of  the  workmanship  of  St.  Dunstan  (de  fabrica 
St.  Dunstani)."  Small  wonder  that  the  goldsmiths  of 
London  should  have  chosen  ''Seynt  Dunstan"  to  be  their 
"blessed  patron,  protector  and  founder."  At  one  time 
the  Goldsmiths'  Company  had  an  image  of  the  saint  made 
of  silver-gilt  and  set  with  gems,  also  a  large  vessel  called 
''St.  Dunstan's  Cup."  At  the  time  of  the  Reformation, 
when  much  plate  of  an  ecclesiastical  nature  was  destroyed, 
''the  image  of  Seynt  Dunstan"  and  the  "Crete  Standyng 
Cup"  were  "broken  and  turned  into  other  plate." 


ST.   DUNSTAN 

No.   1   (925-988) 

Goldsmith   and   silversmith 

Archbishop  of  Canterbury 

Patron   saint  of  the  goldsmiths   of    England 


INTRODUCTION  5 

Dunstan's  ecclesiastical  prestige  was  equaled  only  by  his 
secular  power,  and  for  a  number  of  years  he  was  the  great- 
est man  in  England,  ruling  both  Church  and  State.  His 
refusal  to  shake  hands  with  King  Edgar,  when  the  latter  had 
sinned,  and  his  defiance  of  a  papal  mandate,  are  instances  in 
his  career  that  show  to  what  power  and  position  he  attained. 
He  was  canonized,  and  remained  the  most  popular  saint  in 
England  until  the  advent  of  Thomas  a  Becket  (1 1  1 8-1 170). 
Nineteen  churches  in  England  bear  his  name,  the  one  in 
Fleet  Street  being  best  known  to  us.  St.  Dunstan  died  in 
988.  "Seven  Kings  had  reigned  in  England  during  his 
life,  and  he  had  been  the  friend  and  adviser  of  four  of 
them." 

The  portrait  of  our  saint  (No.  i )  is  taken  from  an  old  engrav- 
ing. A  bishop's  crozier  will  be  seen  in  one  hand,  and 
in  the  other  a  pair  of  tongs,  which  play  an  important 
part  in  the  famous  legend  of  his  encounter  with  the  devil. 
In  regard  to  this  legend  Bishop  Stubbs  says  :  "This  story 
is  so  famous  that  one  can  hardly  doubt  but  that  it  had  some 
foundation.  The  version  in  which  the  devil  took  the  form 
of  a  woman  is  comparatively  modern.  It  seems  not  unlikely 
that  Dunstan  might  have  taken  some  one  by  the  nose,  and 
that  the  identification  was  an  after  thought."  During  the 
Middle  Ages  six  lives  of  the  saint  were  written  in  Latin. 
We  have  translated  into  English  the  legend,  as  given  by 
Osbem  (eleventh  century)  in  his  biography  of  Dunstan. 


6  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

"Therefore  the  Devil,  when  he  had  put  on  the  deceitful  mask  of  a  man,  sought 
the  cell  of  the  young  man  in  the  dusk  of  the  evening,  put  his  head  through  the 
window,  leaned  in,  observed  him  busy  with  the  work  of  a  mechanic,  and  asked 
him  what  work  he  was  doing.  But  Dunstan,  paying  no  attention  to  his  stratagem, 
and  not  bearing  his  insolence,  turned  his  own  attention  to  the  work  about  which 
he  had  been  asked.  .  .  .  Then,  indeed,  the  wrestler  of  Christ,  knowing  who  he 
was,  bravely  heated  the  tongs,  with  which  he  was  accustomed  to  hold  the  iron, 
and  called  upon  Christ  with  set  lips.  And  when  he  saw  that  the  tongs  were 
white  hot  to  their  very  ends,  driven  on  by  a  holy  indignation,  he  quickly  drew 
them  from  the  fire,  seized  the  masking  face  with  the  tongs,  and  pulling  with  all 
his  might,  dragged  the  monster  in.  Now  Dunstan  had  been  using  up  his  strength, 
by  standing  fast,  when  he  who  was  held,  tore  down  with  his  hands  the  wall  of 
the  man  who  was  holding  him  and  fled  away  uttering  such  yells  and  outlandish 
howls  as  these:  'Oh,  what  has  that  bald  head  done!  Oh,  what  has  that  bald 
head  done!'  For  his  hair,  though  beautiful,  was  thin,  and  on  that  account  the 
Devil  was  shouting  these  things  about  the  man.  .  .  .  The  renown  of  his  name 
passed  through  this  whole  region  so  that  the  hearts  of  all  were  stirred  to  come 
and  see  this  man  of  God.  Every  age  and  both  sexes,  the  distinguished  and  the 
obscure,  the  poor  and  the  rich,  the  private  citizen  and  the  man  in  authority,  all 
without  exception  speak  of  Dunstan,  praise  his  wisdom,  extol  his  virtue." 


ELEVENTH   CENTURY 

In  the  eleventh  century  the  monasteries  continued  to  pro- 
duce silver  and  gold  articles  for  the  churches.  Edward  the 
Confessor  (1042- 1 066)  sought  the  companionship  of  monks, 
and  encouraged  learning  and  art. 

Mr.  Pollen,  in  his  ''Gold  and  Silver  Smiths'  Work," 
gives  us  some  idea  of  the  valuable  possessions  of  the 
church  in  this  century.  He  says:  "Turning  homewards 
to  our  own  country"  (England),  "we  find  Brithnodus, 
Abbot  of  Ely,  among  the  known  artists  of  his  time.  Four 
images  by  him,  covered  with  silver-gilt  and  precious 
stones,  were  stripped  to  appease  the  resentment  of  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror.      Leo,  a  contemporary,  worked  after 


INTRODUCTION  7 

his  teaching.  Elsinus,  his  successor,  made  a  reliquary  for 
the  bones  of  St.  Windreda.  The  abbey  was  able  to  offer 
William  a  thousand  marks  obtained  by  the  sacrifice  of  gold 
and  silver  ornaments  of  the  cathedral  after  the  resistance 
made  in  the  island  by  the  Saxons.  Two  remarkable  reli- 
quaries of  the  eleventh  century  covered  with  images  of  gold, 
the  work  of  Richard,  fifteenth  Abbot  of  St.  Albans,  are 
mentioned  by  Mathew  Paris  along  with  other  examples  of 
his  skill  as  a  goldsmith." 

The  coming  of  the  Normans  was  a  stimulus  to  the  sil- 
versmiths' art,  for  new  ideas  and  new  forms  were  adopted, 
and  neither  William  the  Conqueror  (1066- 1087)  nor  his 
barons  interfered  with  the  increasing  production  of  ecclesi- 
astical silver. 

The  silversmiths  of  the  Middle  Ages  borrowed  many  of 
their  designs  from  the  Byzantine  architecture,  in  which  the 
cross,  the  circle,  the  dome,  the  round  arch,  mosaics  and 
geometrical  forms  were  employed. 

TWELFTH   CENTURY 

The  ail-absorbing  movement  of  the  twelfth  century  was 
the  crusades.  The  sacred  relics  from  the  Holy  Land, 
brought  back  by  the  returning  crusaders,  created  a  great 
demand  for  costly  and  precious  receptacles  in  which  to  place 
them.  These  repositories  were  called  shrines  and  reliqua- 
ries, and  were  generally  of  silver  and  gold,  often  decorated 


8  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

with  precious  stones.  Shrines  were  made  to  hold  the  bodies 
or  bones  of  saints,  and  in  churches  were  placed  near  the 
altar.  They  were  frequently  of  architectural  designs  and 
resembled  miniature  churches.  Reliquaries,  sometimes 
called  phylacteriums  when  of  a  portable  nature,  were 
small  receptacles  for  relics.  Altars,  candlesticks,  candela- 
bra, and  chandeliers,  richly  decorated  with  gold  and  silver, 
were  to  be  seen  in  many  of  the  churches. 

Henry  Shaw,  in  his  "  Dresses  and  Decorations  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages,"  says:  "The  twelfth  century  may  be  considered 
as  the  most  brilliant  period  of  the  arts  in  England  during 
the  Middle  Ages.  .  .  .  The  favorite  kind  of  ornament  was 
scroll-work  with  foliage." 

The  power  and  wealth  of  the  church  was  greatly  en- 
hanced under  Thomas  a  Becket,  and  the  splendor  of  that 
archbishop's  household  rivaled  that  of  his  king — Henry  II 
( 1 1 54-1 189).  To  quote  Shaw  again,  "  In  the  latter  half  of 
the  twelfth  century,  the  English  Ecclesiastics  were  remarkable 
for  the  costliness  of  their  apparel,  and  for  their  expensive  and 
magnificent  style  of  living." 

It  would  be  difficult  to  appreciate  how  extensive  was  the 
knowledge  of  the  silversmiths'  craft,  as  practised  in  the  mon- 
asteries, did  we  not  possess  a  very  interesting  book  de- 
scribed by  Lacroix  in  "Arts  in  the  Middle  Ages."  This 
work  was  written  by  "a  simple  monk,  Theophilus,  an 
eminent  artist  who  wrote  in  Latin  a  description  of  the  Indus- 


INTRODUCTION  9 

trial  Arts  of  his  time  (Diversarum  Artium  Schedula),  and 
devoted  seventy-nine  chapters  of  his  book  to  that  of  the 
goldsmith.  This  valuable  treatise  shows  us,  in  the  most 
unmistakable  manner,  that  the  goldsmiths  of  the  twelfth 
century  must  have  possessed  a  comprehensiveness  of  knowl- 
edge and  manipulation,  the  mere  enumeration  of  which  sur- 
prises us  the  more  now  that  we  see  industry  everywhere 
tending  to  an  almost  infinite  division  of  labor.  At  that 
time  the  goldsmith  was  required  to  be  at  once  modeler, 
sculptor,  smelter,  enameler,  jewel-mounter,  and  inlay- 
worker." 

In  the  year  1 1 80  the  Goldsmiths'  Guild  was  fined  for 
being  without  a  license.  This  is  the  first  reference  to  the 
Guild  that  was  afterwards  to  become  the  Goldsmiths'  Com- 
pany of  London.  The  existence  of  this  Guild  shows  that  the 
silversmiths'  art  was  no  longer  exclusively  practised  by  the 
monks. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  century  a  vast  quantity  of  the 
valuable  and  beautiful  plate,  that  had  been  accumulating  for 
years  in  the  churches,  was  melted  up  to  pay  the  huge  ransom 
demanded  by  the  Emperor  Henry  VI  (1 190-1 197)  for  the 
release  of  England's  king  —  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  (i  189- 
1199). 

Distinguished  silversmiths  of  this  century  were:  Leof- 
stane,  Provost  of  London  in  the  time  of  Henry  I  (1100- 
1135);  Ralph  Flael,  Alderman  of  London  in  the  time  of 


10  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

Henry  II;  Henry  Fitz  Alwyn  No.  2),  Mayor  of  London; 
and  Anketil.  Herbert's  "Livery  Companies  of  London" 
has  the  following  information  about  this  notable  silversmith  : 

"In  the  time  of  Henry  II,  the  demand  for  highly  finished  trinkets  was  so 
great,  that  many  additional  artists  resorted  here  from  Germany.  Anketil,  a  monk 
of  St.  Alban's,  had  some  years  earlier  acquired  such  reputation  for  his  works  in 
gold,  silver,  gilding,  and  jewelry,  that  he  was  invited  by  the  King  of  Denmark  to 
superintend  his  works  in  gold,  and  be  his  banker  or  money-changer.  A  pair  of 
candlesticks  made  of  silver  and  gold,  and  presented  by  Robert,  Abbot  of  St. 
Alban's,  to  Pope  Adrian  IV,  were  so  much  esteemed  for  their  exquisite  workman- 
ship, that  they  were  consecrated  to  St.  Peter,  and  were  the  principal  means  of 
obtaining  high  ecclesiastical  distinctions  for  the  Abbey." 

THIRTEENTH   CENTURY 

The  continuation  of  the  crusades  in  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury had  the  effect  of  broadening  the  minds  of  the  crafts- 
men. The  crusaders  returning  from  the  East  brought  with 
them  the  opinions  and  the  ideas  of  the  different  nations 
with  whom  they  had  come  in  contact. 

Shrines  and  reliquaries  continued  to  be  made  in  great 
numbers,  and  we  know  from  descriptions,  and  from  the 
few  that  exist,  that  they  were  very  beautiful  in  design  and 
workmanship. 

All  through  the  thirteenth  century  the  pyx  (a  receptacle 
for  the  consecrated  wafer),  and  the  triptych  (an  ornamented 
religious  picture  composed  of  three  jointed  panels)  were 
made  in  the  precious  metals. 

The  goldsmiths  and  other  merchants  of  the  city  of  London 
became  so  rich  and  powerful  that  they  received  many  char- 


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HENRY     FITZ     ALWYN 

No.  2  (Twelfth  Century) 

Goldsmith   and  the  first   Mayor  of   London,   which  office  he  held 
for  twenty-four  years,  from    1189  to   1213 


INTRODUCTION  13 

ters  from  the  kings  in  return  for  their  contributions  to  the 
exchequer.  It  is  possible  that  these  merchants  may  have  dic- 
tated the  twentieth  article  of  Magna  Charta,  for  we  there  find 
this  remarkable  clause,  "that  no  merchant  shall  be  deprived 
of  his  merchandise,"  a  law  which  was  eventually  modified. 

By  the  time  of  Edward  I  (i  272-1 307)  secular  plate  for 
kings  and  princes  was  being  produced  in  large  quantities. 
In  his  "Livery  Companies  of  London,"  Herbert  says: 
' '  Many  of  the  gold  and  silver  vessels  made  for  the  sideboard 
of  Edward  I  are  stated,  in  the  enumeration  of  that  prince's 
plate,  to  have  been  the  work  of  Ade,  the  king's  goldsmith. 
They  comprise,  with  the  rest  of  the  household  plate,  almost 
every  species  of  utensil,  in  gold,  silver,  or  silver-gilt.  Among 
them  are  thirty-four  pitchers  of  gold  and  silver,  appropriated 
to  hold  water  or  wines ;  ten  gold  cups,  from  ;!f  142  to  ;^292 
value  each ;  ten  other  cups  of  silver-gilt,  and  silver-white, 
some  having  stands,  and  enameled;  and  more  than  one 
hundred  cups  of  silver,  from  ;^4  to  ;2f  1 18  value  each;  also 
cups  of  jasper,  silver  plates,  silver  and  silver-gilt  dishes, 
gold  and  silver  salts,  alms-bowls,  and  numerous  other  ves- 
sels, all  of  the  precious  metals.  The  list  of  jewelry  is  of 
the  most  costly  and  splendid  description." 

The  Gothic,  or  pointed  style  of  architecture,  that  reached 
its  highest  development  by  the  middle  of  this  century,  had 
great  influence  on  the  silversmiths'  art,  especially  in  eccle- 
siastical plate. 


14  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

The  art  having  passed  from  the  clergy  to  the  laity,  reli- 
gious models  were  no  longer  thought  to  be  necessary, 
although  they  were  often  employed ;  but  a  great  variety  of 
decoration  is  now  to  be  seen  in  which  the  animal  world  and 
nature  are  depicted,  as  well  as  man  in  all  his  pursuits. 

Prominent  goldsmiths  of  this  century  were  :  Ade,  referred 
to  above ;  William  Fitz  Otho  and  William  of  Gloucester, 
goldsmiths  to  Henry  111  (12 16-1272),  and  the  following,  who 
became  Mayors  of  London :  Ralph  Eswy,  Sir  Thomas  de 
Frowick,  Sir  William  Faryngdon,  and  the  well-known 
Gregory  de  Rokesley,  who  held  the  office  eight  times  be- 
tween 127=)  and  1285. 

FOURTEENTH   CENTURY 

The  monstrance  and  ciborium  were  added,  in  the  four- 
teenth century,  to  the  large  list  of  ecclesiastical  articles. 
The  monstrance  (made  of  a  precious  metal  and  glass)  was 
used  to  display  the  consecrated  host  to  the  people  at  the 
festival  of  Corpus  Christi,  which  did  not  become  general 
until  the  first  part  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  host  was 
kept  in  a  covered  vessel  which  was  called  the  ciborium. 
Other  objects  connected  with  the  religious  worship  ot  the 
times  are  the  silver  statuettes  of  saints  which  were  made  in 
this  century. 

The  salt  and  the  nef  were  prominent  articles  of  plate  on  a 
nobleman's  table.     The  nef,  as  its  name  implies,  was  in  the 


INTRODUCTION  15 

form  of  a  ship  ;  it  was  a  large,  decorative  article,  and  served 
as  an  epergne,  besides  containing  the  knife,  spoon,  napkin, 
and  spices  used  by  the  host.  Later  on  in  the  Middle  Ages 
it  was  called  a  cadenas,  and  took  the  form  of  a  casket, 
having  a  lock  and  key.  Piers  Gaveston,  the  favorite  of 
Edward  II  (i  307-1 327)  had  a  silver  nef  on  four  wheels,  and 
Edward  III  (1327- 1377)  owned  a  very  elaborate  one,  orna- 
mented with  gilt  dragons. 

In  this  century  the  colleges  and  municipal  corporate 
bodies  commenced  to  acquire  plate,  in  most  cases  by  gifts 
from  wealthy  members. 

In  the  year  1327  the  Goldsmiths'  Company  of  London 
received  its  first  charter  from  Edward  III,  and  a  short  time 
after  that  the  first  Goldsmiths'  Hall  was  built.  It  was  about 
the  year  1300  that  the  mark  of  the  leopard's  head  was  first 
put  on  silver,  and  the  maker's  mark  was  made  compulsory 
by  statute  in  1363. 

We  do  not  imagine  that  the  Hundred  Years'  War,  com- 
mencing in  1337,  was  as  detrimental  to  the  goldsmiths'  art 
as  was  the  "Black  Death,"  that  frightful  plague  of  the 
fourteenth  century. 

Seven  goldsmiths  became  Mayors  of  London  in  this  cen- 
tury. Of  these,  Sir  Nicholas  Faringdon  held  that  office  four 
times  from  1308  to  1323,  and  the  wealthy  and  prominent 
goldsmith,  Richard  de  Bettoyne,  as  mayor,  made  a  great 
display  at  the  coronation  of  Edward  III.     To  quote  from 


i6  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

Hazlitt's  "Livery  Companies  of  London":  *Mn  his  official 
capacity  he  claimed,  and  was  allowed  to  serve,  the  office  of 
butler,  and  appeared  with  360  valets,  all  clothed  in  the 
same  livery,  and  each  carrying  in  his  hand  a  silver  cup ; 
and  at  the  conclusion  of  the  ceremony,  as  his  fee,  he  received 
a  gold  cup  and  cover,  and  an  enameled  gold  ewer." 

FIFTEENTH  CENTURY 

During  the  Middle  Ages  there  might  often  be  seen  in  a 
nobleman's  banquet-hall  what  was  called  a  "dresser."  It 
was  a  large  and  elaborate  piece  of  furniture,  sometimes  made 
in  the  form  of  steps,  and  on  it  were  placed  the  vessels  of 
gold  and  silver.  There  were  several  reasons  why  the  no- 
bility put  some  of  their  wealth  into  the  precious  metals;  the 
opportunities  to  invest  money  were  limited,  and  the  display 
of  plate  served  to  impress  their  friends  as  well  as  their 
enemies. 

Rivalry  among  the  nobles  to  possess  magnificent  and  large 
collections  of  silver  tended  to  increase  the  business  of  the 
goldsmiths.  In  the  middle  of  this  century  came  the  Wars 
of  the  Roses  (1455-1485).  As  we  know,  this  was  a  civil 
contest  among  the  nobles,  the  rich  and  the  powerful.  The 
common  people  of  England  did  not  take  part  in  it  to  any 
great  extent,  nor  were  they  especially  concerned  as  to  its 
outcome,  being  satisfied  as  long  as  they  were  left  unmolested. 
One  result  of  this  war  was  the  wholesale  destruction  of  the 


INTRODUCTION  17 

vast  and  costly  collections  of  plate  owned  by  the  adherents  of 
both  sides,  and  in  consequence  scarcely  any  of  the  secular 
pieces  of  silver  of  that  period  are  in  existence.  While  the 
nobles  were  losing  their  lives  and  their  possessions,  the  mer- 
chants and  lawyers  of  England,  especially  of  London,  were 
becoming  very  rich,  and  their  surplus  wealth  was  frequently 
invested  in  plate,  not  of  such  splendor  as  that  owned  by  the 
noblemen,  but  still  of  sufficient  quantity  to  keep  the  gold- 
smiths of  London  occupied  to  their  advantage  and  profit. 

According  to  Mr.  Cripps,  the  date  letter  was  probably  first 
used  in  hall-marking  plate  in  the  year  1478. 

In  this  century  six  silversmiths  became  Mayors  of  London. 
Of  these,  Sir  Drugo  Barentyne,  who  held  the  office  twice, 
built  the  second  Goldsmiths'  Hall  in  1407,  and  Sir  Edmund 
Shaw,  Mayor  in  1482,  was  court  goldsmith  to  Richard  111 
(1483-1485),  and  endowed  a  free  school  in  Cheshire.  Solo- 
mon Oxney  was  a  member  of  Parliament  in  1419.  Thomas 
Wood,  a  very  wealthy  goldsmith,  says  Price,  in  "London 
Bankers,"  ' '  was  Sheriff  of  London  in  1 49 1 .  He  built  Gold- 
smiths' Row,  in  Cheapside,  which  was  then  considered  to 
be  a  magnificent  series  of  houses,  between  Broad  Street  end 
and  the  Cross  in  Cheap.  Stow  thus  describes  them  :  '  It 
containeth  in  number  ten  fair  dwelling  houses  and  fourteen 
shops,  all  in  one  frame,  uniformly  built,  four  stories  high, 
beautified  towards  the  street  with  the  Goldsmiths'  Arms  and 
the  likeness  of  woodmen,  in  memory  of  his  name,  riding  on 


i8  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

monstrous  beasts,  all  which  is  cast  in  lead,  richly  painted 
over  and  gilt :  these  he  gave  to  the  goldsmiths,  with  stocks 
of  money,  to  be  lent  to  young  men  having  those  shops,'  etc. 
"Wood  Street,  Cheapside,  was  named  after  him.  Stow 
says :  *  His  predecessors  might  be  the  first  builders,  owners 
and  namers  of  this  street/  He  was  an  especial  benefactor  to 
the  Church  of  St.  Peter-in-Cheap.  In  the  great  fire  of  1666 
these  houses  were  all  destroyed,  and  the  goldsmiths  there- 
after settled  in  Lombard  Street." 

SIXTEENTH   CENTURY 

By  the  first  quarter  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  nobles  had 
regained  some  of  their  wealth  lost  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses. 
Henry  VII  (1485-1509),  by  means  of  his  "  Benevolences," 
became  the  richest  king  of  England  up  to  that  time,  and 
some  of  his  wealth  he  invested  in  plate.  When  Prince 
Arthur  married  Catharine  of  Aragon  in  1502,  the  wedding 
feast  was  served  from  a  gold  service,  set  with  jewels,  valued 
at  twenty  thousand  pounds.  Henry  VIII  (i 509-1 547) 
added  considerably  to  the  large  quantity  of  plate  inherited 
from  his  father. 

The  greatest  rival  of  this  king,  not  only  in  power,  but  in 
possessions,  was  the  brilliant  and  unfortunate  Cardinal  Wol- 
sey  (1471-1530).  His  palace  at  Hampton  Court  contained 
a  household  ot  several  hundred  distinguished  persons,  and 
a  large  retinue  ot  servants.     It  was  necessary  to  employ  five 


SIR    THOMAS    GRESHAM 

No.  3  (1519-1579) 

Goldsmith,   merchant  and   banker,  at  the  sign  of  the 

"Grasshopper,"  in   Lombard  Street 
Founder  of  the  Royal   Exchange  and   Gresham   Colle^ 


INTRODUCTION  21 

men  to  care  for  his  vast  and  magnificent  collection  of  plate, 
which  is  described  in  "  Collectanea  Curiosa,"  published  in 
1781.     The  list  comprises  about  sixty  pages  of  the  book. 

Hans  Holbein  designed  for  goldsmiths  during  Henry  VIll's 
reign.  A  design  by  him  for  a  cup  given  to  Jane  Seymour  is 
in  the  British  Museum. 

When  Queen  Mary  (1553-1558)  was  married  to  Philip  of 
Spain  in  1554,  the  plate  she  received  filled  ninety-seven 
chests,  and  twenty  carts  were  employed  to  move  it. 

In  Elizabeth's  time  (1 558-1603)  enormous  sums  of  money 
were  invested  in  the  works  of  the  goldsmiths.  She  annually 
received  and  disbursed  many  presents,  amounting  in  value 
to  thousands  of  pounds.  In  the  year  1572  she  gave  away 
almost  six  thousand  ounces  of  silver  in  various  articles. 
The  purchasers  of  plate  were  now  found  in  all  classes  of 
society.  Mr.  J .  Starkie-Gardner  writes :  ' '  It  was  only  in  the 
days  of  Elizabeth  that  silver  plate  began  to  displace  wooden 
and  pewter  utensils  in  the  houses  of  the  people,  but  before 
the  close  of  the  century  in  which  she  died,  lustres,  standards, 
tables,  jars,  andirons,  sconces  and  mirrors  were  fashioned 
in  silver." 

In  the  middle  of  this  century,  while  secular  plate  was  being 
produced  by  the  bushel,  ecclesiastical  silver  was  being  de- 
stroyed by  the  cart-load.  The  Reformation  was  the  cause  of 
this  destruction.  Thomas  Cromwell  (died  1540),  under 
orders  from  Henry  VllI,  demolished  more  than  eight  hun- 


22  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

dred  monasteries  and  nunneries,  seizing  all  the  plate  they 
possessed. 

In  the  time  of  Edward  VI  (i 547-1 553)  commissioners 
were  appointed  to  visit  the  churches  and  confiscate  almost 
all  the  plate  they  could  find,  for  the  order  went  forth  from 
the  crown,  "that  all  monuments  of  superstition  should  be 
destroyed."  Under  the  catholic  Mary  the  demolition  of 
church  plate  was  discontinued.  The  protestant  Elizabeth 
had  not  been  on  the  throne  very  long  before  new  commis- 
sioners were  appointed  to  destroy  the  few  remaining  ' '  monu- 
ments of  superstition."  In  consequence  of  the  iconoclasm 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  very  few  of  the  ecclesiastical  pieces 
of  silver  made  prior  to  Elizabeth  are  in  existence  to-day. 

We  might  here  make  the  observation  that  before  the 
Reformation,  ecclesiastical  silver  and  plate  made  for  the  royal 
family  were  not  always  hall-marked.  The  mark  of  the 
lion  was  first  used  on  plate  about  the  year  1 545. 

In  the  first  part  of  the  century  engraving  was  much  em- 
ployed in  decorating  silver.  About  the  middle  of  the  century 
the  Renaissance  influence  on  the  goldsmiths'  art  was  felt  in 
England,  and  elaborate  decoration  was  employed.  Later  in 
the  century  a  common  decoration  was  flat  chasing. 

In  this  century  five  goldsmiths  became  Mayors  of  London. 
Ot  these.  Sir  Martin  Bowes  occupied  the  office  five  times, 
and  was  a  member  of  Parliament  from  is 46  to  1555.  He 
occupied  the  position  of  butler  at  the  coronation  of  Queen 


.     NICHOLAS     HILLIARD 

No.  4  (1547-1619) 

He  was  the  son   of   Richard    Milliard,    sheriff  of   Exeter  in    ,560.      Beginning  his  career  as  .  goldsrT,ith   and 

jeweler,     he  added  to  his  fame  by   becoming  miniature-painter  to  the  royal  family.        Elizabeth 

made  him   her  carver,   portrait-painter  and   goldsmith.     "He  was   not  less  favored   by 

James  I,  who  appointed  him,  by  patent,  his  principal  drawer  of  small  portraits 

and  embosser  of  medals   in  gold."     To  him   was  given  the  honor 

of  engraving  the  great  seal  of  England   in    1587 


INTRODUCTION  25 

Elizabeth.     The  great  queen  patronized  Affable  Partridge 
more  than  any  other  goldsmith  of  her  time. 

The  distinguished  Robert  Amades,  of  the  early  part  of  the 
century,  made  most  of  Cardinal  Wolsey's  plate.  The  fa- 
mous Sir  Thomas  Gresham  (No.  3)  and  the  artistic  Nicholas 
Milliard  (No.  4)  lived  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

SEVENTEENTH   CENTURY 

During  the  reign  of  James  I  (1603- 162 5)  the  nobility  and 
the  rich  merchants  of  London  became  large  customers  of  the 
goldsmiths.  Elaborate  swords,  for  presentation  purposes, 
were  made,  the  hilts  of  these  being  of  precious  metals,  and 
jeweled.  One  of  this  description,  valued  at  ;£'70oo,  was 
given  to  the  king  by  Prince  Christian  of  Denmark.  The 
tankard,  introduced  in  the  seventeenth  century,  became  an 
important  article  of  manufacture,  increasing  in  popularity  as 
time  went  on.  The  possession  of  plate  was  no  longer  a 
luxury  exclusively  enjoyed  by  the  wealthy.  We  read  in 
' '  Philocothonista ;  or.  Drunkard  Opened,  Dissected  and  Anat- 
omized "  ( 1635) :  "  Come  to  plate,  every  taverne  can  afford 
you  flat  bowles,  French  bowles,  pronnetcups,  bearebowles, 
beakers  ;  and  private  householders  in  the  citie,  when  they 
make  a  feaste  to  entertain  their  friends,  can  furnish  their 
cupboards  with  flaggons,  tankards,  beerecups,  wine  bowles, 
some  white,  some  percell  guilt,  some  guilt  all  over,  some  with 
covers,  others  without,  of  sundry  shapes  and  qualities." 


26  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

When  Charles  I  (1625-1649)  came  to  the  throne  there 
was  a  great  deal  of  plate  in  existence.  The  Cavaliers  were 
noted  for  their  luxurious  living,  and  were  fond  of  jewels  and 
the  precious  metals.  The  extravagance  of  the  English  court 
was  never  so  great  as  under  Charles  1.  The  king  could  not 
get  money  from  Parliament,  and  therefore  one  of  the  ways 
of  filling  the  exchequer  was  the  disposition  of  the  royal  col- 
lection of  plate,  which  was  exceedingly  fine  and  of  enormous 
value.  In  "Hone's  Year  Book"  we  read:  "  By  a  special 
warrant  of  Charles  I,  dated  at  Hampton  Court,  December 
7,  in  the  first  year  of  his  reign,  1625,  a  large  quantity  of 
gold  plate  and  jewels  of  great  value,  which  had  'long  con- 
tinued, as  it  were,  in  a  continual  descent  with  the  crown 
of  England,'  were  transferred  to  the  Duke  of  Buckingham 
and  the  Earl  of  Holland,  Ambassadors  Extraordinary  to  the 
United  Provinces,  who  were  thereby  authorized  to  trans- 
port and  dispose  of  them  '  beyond  the  seas,'  in  such  man- 
ner as  the  king  had  previously  directed  these  noblemen  in 
private." 

Both  sides  engaged  in  the  Civil  War  were  forced  to  melt 
up  their  plate,  in  order  to  provide  funds  for  carrying  on  the 
contest. 

During  the  Commonwealth  (1649- 1660)  ^'^^'^  secular  or 
ecclesiastical  plate  was  made,  as  the  Puritans  were  opposed 
to  extravagance  and  display. 

The  coronation  plate,  with  a  few  exceptions  (of  which  the 


SIR     HUGH     MIDDLETON 
No.  5  (1560-1631) 


Goldsmith   and    royal  jeweler 

He  was   mainly   instrumental   in   supplying   London   with   pure  water  by   means  of  the   New    River 

and   bequeathed   one  share  of  the   New   River  Company  to  the  Goldsmiths'   Company  for 

the  benefit  of  the  poor;   it  was  then  valued   as  yielding  ^£200  per  annum 

A    single    share    was    sold    in    1889    for    d£i22,6oo 


INTRODUCTION  29 

spoon  is  one,  see  page  53),  and  the  crown  jewels,  were 
broken  up  and  sold  by  the  parliamentary  commissioners, 
after  the  execution  of  Charles  I.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
Cromwell  took  the  silver  mace  of  the  House  of  Commons 
and  gave  it  to  one  of  his  soldiers,  calling  it  a  "bauble." 

In  this  century  the  goldsmiths  added  to  their  trade  the 
business  of  banking,  borrowing  the  custom  from  Holland. 
hi  a  pamphlet  published  in  1676  called  "Goldsmiths  or 
Bankers  Discovered  "  we  find  the  following  interesting  infor- 
mation :  ' '  Much  about  the  same  time — the  time  of  the  civil 
commotion — the  goldsmiths  (or  new  fashioned  bankers) 
began  to  receive  the  rents  of  gentlemen's  estates  remitted  to 
town,  and  to  allow  them  and  others  who  put  cash  into  their 
hands,  some  interest  for  it  if  it  remained  but  a  single  month 
in  their  hands,  or  even  a  lesser  time.  .  .  .  The  conse- 
quence was  that  it  quickly  brought  a  large  quantity  of  cash 
into  their  hands,  so  that  the  chief,  or  greatest  of  them  was 
now  enabled  to  supply  Cromwell  with  money  in  advance, 
on  the  revenues,  as  his  occasions  required,  upon  great 
advantages  to  themselves."  The  late  Mr.  Chaffers  in  his 
"Gilda  Aurifabrorum  "  gives  us  some  idea  of  the  profitable 
business  of  the  banker-goldsmiths.  He  says:  "The  old 
goldsmiths  and  bankers  advanced  money  upon  pledges,  just 
as  pawnbrokers  do  now,  choosing,  of  course,  the  most 
valuable  articles  as  security.  In  the  early  ledgers  of  Alder- 
man Backwell,  and  Blanchard  and  Child's  accounts  may  be 


30  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

seen  under  a  separate  heading  of  Pawnes,  to  which  all  in- 
terest and  profits  arising  from  'money  lent'  on  pledges,  or 
more  marketable  security,  was  placed.  In  the  days  of 
Charles  II  the  bankers  charged  as  much  as  twenty  or  thirty 
per  cent,  for  money,  while  they  never  appear  to  have  allowed 
more  than  six  per  cent,  on  deposit."  The  goldsmiths'  busi- 
ness in  banking  commenced  to  decrease  on  the  founding  of 
the  Bank  of  England  in  1694. 

Charles  II  (i  660-1 68s)  and  the  nobility  were  good  patrons 
of  the  goldsmiths.  Parliament  voted  the  king  large  sums  of 
money.  The  tremendous  bribes  that  the  sovereign  and  his 
ministers  accepted  from  Louis  XIV  (1643-17 15)  were  spent 
upon  themselves  and  invested  in  luxuries.  King  Charles 
gave  many  maces  to  corporations  and  towns.  During  this 
reign  most  elaborate  toilet  services  were  made.  They  con- 
sisted of  mirrors,  basins,  boxes,  candlesticks,  and  silver 
tables  on  which  to  place  them.  Sets  of  this  description  can 
be  seen  at  Knole  and  Windsor  Castle.  In  the  time  of 
Charles  II  three  disastrous  events  proved  very  detrimental  to 
the  goldsmiths'  trade,  namely:  the  Plague  (i66s),  the  Fire, 
(1666),  and  the  closing  of  the  Exchequer  by  the  king  in 
1672,  which  ruined  many  of  the  banker-goldsmiths. 

The  closing  of  the  Exchequer  (or  state  treasury),  where 
many  goldsmiths  had  large  deposits,  was  in  reality  the  sus- 
pension of  payments.  By  this  high-handed  measure  the 
crown  secured  a  large  amount  of  money,  but  at  the  same 


GEORGE     HERIOT 

No.  6(1563-1624) 

Goldsmith  and  jeweler    to  James   i  of  England 
Founder  of   Henot's   Hospital   at   Edinburgh,   and  the  hero  in   Scott's   "Fortunes  of  Nigel 


INTRODUCTION  33 

time  it  caused  a  financial  panic,  in  which  the  goldsmiths 
were  great  sufferers. 

In  the  time  of  William  111  (1688-1702)  a  law  was  passed 
that  proved  very  destructive  to  plate.  The  mint  could  not 
get  sufficient  silver  for  coinage,  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of 
the  metal  at  that  time.  To  remedy  this  state  of  affairs  the 
following  law  was  enacted  :  "  That  any  person  who  shall 
bring  any  sort  of  wrought  plate  between  the  i  st  of  January 
1 696,  and  the  4th  of  November  1 697  into  any  of  His  Majesty's 
mints,  shall  be  paid  five  shillings,  four  pence  an  ounce  for 
the  same."  As  this  was  more  than  silver  was  worth  at  the 
market  price,  many  took  advantage  of  this  opportunity  to 
convert  their  silver  into  money.  King  William,  having 
turned  this  vast  quantity  of  plate  into  coin,  had  to  devise 
another  law  to  prevent  the  melting  of  coins  to  be  fashioned 
into  plate,  as  had  often  been  done  in  the  past.  The  following 
law  was  therefore  passed:  ''That  from  and  after  the  25th 
of  March  1697,  no  silver  plate  should  be  made  of  less  fine- 
ness than  that  of  1 1  oz.  10  dwts.  of  fine  silver  in  every  pound 
Troy."  In  other  Words,  every  pound  Troy  of  silver  plate 
must  contain  8  dwts.  more  of  pure  silver  than  a  pound  of 
coin,  or  sterling  silver. 

Up  to  this  time,  plate  had  been  made  of  the  same  standard 
as  the  coin  ;  that  is  to  say,  11  oz.  2  dwts.  of  pure  silver 
mixed  with  18  dwts.  of  copper  in  every  pound  Troy,  or,  ex- 
pressing it  another  way,  -^  fine.     This  combination  of  925 


34  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

equal  parts  of  pure  silver  with  75  equal  parts  of  copper  has 
been  found  by  experience  to  be  the  best  standard  for  coin 
and  plate  ;  but,  for  the  reason  explained  above,  William  III 
raised  this  standard  of  silver  plate  to  1 1  oz.  10  dv^ts.,  or 
^^^  fine.      This  new   standard,  called  Britannia,  was  not 

1000  '  ' 

compulsory  after  1 720.  (See  chapter  on  Hall-marks.)  There 
is  some  doubt  as  to  whether  this  law  really  prevented  the 
melting  of  coin  to  be  made  into  plate,  for  it  was  a  simple 
matter  to  add  a  little  pure  silver  to  the  coins  after  they  had 
been  melted,  and  thus  obtain  the  Britannia  standard. 

During  the  reign  of  James  1  engraving  and  flat  chasing 
were  often  employed.  Within  this  period  the  covers  of 
cups  and  salts  were  sometimes  made  in  the  forms  of  steeples. 
(See  No.  39.) 

Under  Charles  1,  and  throughout  the  Commonwealth, 
plate  was  made  generally  without  decoration,  but  always  of 
substantial  weight.  During  this  period  a  little  ornamenta- 
tion, consisting  of  an  engraved  wreath  (as  a  rule  surround- 
ing a  crest  or  coat  of  arms),  was  occasionally  seen  on  articles 
which  otherwise  were  perfectly  plain.  At  this  time  large 
plain  tankards  were  common. 

In  the  first  half  of  Charles  Il's  reign  a  popular  form  of 
decoration  consisted  of  tulip  leaves,  animals  and  birds  (see 
No.  67).  Throughout  the  whole  of  this  reign  a  much  used 
ornamentation  was  the  acanthus  leaf  (see  No.  83),  familiar 
to  us  from  its  use  on  friezes  and  cornices  in  architecture.   A 


SIR     ROBERT     VYNER 


No.  7  (1631- 


Goldsmith,   banker  and    Lord    Mayor  of   London   (1674) 

Was  called  the   Prince  of   Goldsmiths.      He   lost  ^£416, 724   by  the  closing  of  the   Exchequer  in    1672, 

but  this  did   not  impair   his  credit.      Evelyn   in   his   Diary   (1679)   alludes  to  him  as  the 

^eat  banker.      He  made  the  regalia  for  Charles  ll's  coronation,  for  which 

he    charged    over    ^£30,000.      These    same    crow/n    jewels    were 

used    at    the    coronation    of    Edward    VII,    and    can 

be  seen  at  the  Tower  of  London 


INTRODUCTION  37 

style  in  vogue  during  this  period  has  been  termed  "cut 
card."  It  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  Starkie-Gardner :  "Be- 
tween 1660  and  1690  circles  of  leaves  cut  from  sheet  metal, 
without  embossing  or  engraving,  called  '  cut  card '  by  Mr. 
Octavius  Morgan,  were  applied  to  the  bases  and  covers  of 
porringers  and  other  vessels."  This  writer  gives  us  a  con- 
cise description  of  another  popular  fashion.  "  About  1670 
an  excessively  rich  decoration  came  in,  lasting  not  more  than 
ten  years.  This  consisted  of  an  elaborate  basket  or  casing 
of  scrolled  acanthus  ornaments,  cupids,  emblems,  etc.,  in 
cast  frosted  silver,  chased  and  pierced,  within  which  the 
plain  gilt  vessel  was  seated." 

During  the  reign  of  James  11(1685-1688)  and  William 
and  Mary  ( 1 688-1 702)  Chinese  figures  and  scenes  were  often 
engraved  on  plate.  The  elaborate  toilet  services  made  in 
the  latter  part  of  Charles  IFs  reign,  and  during  that  of  James 
II,  were  of  most  florid  style.  From  the  accession  of  William 
and  Mary,  ornamentation  was  discarded,  and  silver  articles 
were  made  severe  and  simple  in  style ;  giving  us  a  foretaste 
of  the  Queen  Anne  period,  noted  for  its  purity  and  sim- 
plicity of  design. 

There  were  many  wealthy  and  distinguished  goldsmiths 
in  this  century .  John  Acton  made  many  articles  for  Charles  I . 
Sir  William  Ward,  a  prosperous  goldsmith,  was  jeweler 
to  the  queen  of  Charles  I.  Richard  Croshaw  left  ;£"4ooo  to 
the  Goldsmiths'  Company,  to  be  devoted  to  charity.     Sir 


38  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

Jeremiah  Snow  and  John  Colvill  were  among  those  who 
lost  Large  fortunes  by  the  closing  of  the  Exchequer.  Sir 
Thomas  Vyner,  Mayor  of  London,  the  father  of  Sir  Robert 
(No.  7),  was  made  a  baronet  by  Charles  II.  Sir  Charles 
Dunscombe,  who  at  one  time  was  apprenticed  to  Alderman 
Backwell  (No.  8),  and  afterwards  held  the  office  of  mayor, 
became  immensely  wealthy  and  bought  the  estate  of  the 
Duke  of  Buckingham  in  Yorkshire  for  ;^90,ooo.  A  famous 
goldsmith  of  this  century  was  George  Heriot  (No.  6).  Sir 
Hugh  Middleton  (No.  5)  was  a  very  prominent  citizen. 

EIGHTEENTH   CENTURY 

The  next  hundred  years  witnessed  the  El  Dorado  of  the 
silversmiths'  art  in  England.  In  this  period  the  quantity 
of  plate  manufactured  was  very  large,  far  exceeding  that  of 
any  former  century,  while  the  beauty  and  gracefulness  of 
the  designs  were,  as  a  rule,  superior  to  any  that  had  ever 
been  produced  in  that  country.  During  this  time  England 
was  almost  continuously  at  war,  but  her  advancement  in 
population,  power  and  wealth  was  uninterrupted. 

The  introduction  of  tea  and  coffee  into  England,  during 
the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  soon  created  a 
demand  for  the  large  number  of  articles  that  go  to  make  up 
tea  and  coffee  services.  Sugar  tongs  and  sifters,  toast-racks, 
tureens,  sauce-boats,  coasters,  braziers,  dish-crosses,  dinner 
services,   cruets,  wine-labels,   egg-frames,   shells,   salvers, 


ALDERMAN     EDWARD     BACKWELL 
No,  8  (died   1683) 

Goldsmith   and   banker 
Conducted    innportant  financial   operations  for  Cromwell   and   Charles   11 
'  He  was  frequently   sent  for   by  the  king  when   he  was  in   need   of  money,   which   it 
seems  was  a  chronic  state  with  that  monarch" 


INTRODUCTION  41 

inkstands,  and  even  silver  toys  were  added  to  the  list  of  the 
goldsmiths'  wares.  Of  these  articles,  inkstands  and  salvers 
were  manufactured  in  large  quantities  from  the  time  of 
George  II  (1727-1760). 

Most  of  the  illustrations  in  this  book  are  examples  of 
eighteenth-century  workmanship,  and  the  various  changes 
of  form  and  decoration  are  described  in  detail  under  the 
separate  articles.  However,  it  is  possible,  in  a  general  way, 
to  divide  the  century  into  three  periods,  each  having  a 
characteristic  style.  (I)  The  Queen  Anne  period,  com- 
mencing just  before  her  accession  (1702),  and  lasting  for  a 
few  years  after  her  death  (17 14).  (II)  The  Lamerie 
period,  from  early  George  1  (17 14-1727)  to  early  George  III 
(1 760-1 820).  (Ill)  The  classical  period,  from  early  George 
III  to  the  first  few  years  of  the  next  century. 

The  silver  in  the  Qiieen  Anne  period  was  noted  for  its 
massiveness,  simplicity,  and  freedom  from  ornamentation. 
Form,  not  decoration,  was  the  ruling  idea.  The  Lamerie 
period  (so  called  after  the  famous  silversmith)  showed  a 
gradual  improvement  in  form,  and  an  increasing  addition  of 
ornamentation.  At  first  it  was  applied  sparingly  (see  No. 
73),  but  as  time  went  on  it  was  more  profusely  used  until 
about  the  middle  of  the  century  was  seen  the  acme  of  orna- 
mentation in  florid  and  ornate  designs.    (See  No.  75.) 

The  classical  period  was  influenced  by  the  revival  of  Greco- 
Roman  ideas,  disseminated  by  the  increasing  "finds"  at 


42  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

Pompeii  and  Herculaneum.  The  classical  designs  of  the 
Wedgwood  pottery  were  copied  by  the  silversmiths.  John 
Flaxman  (175 5-1 826),  the  sculptor,  designed  for  Josiah 
Wedgwood  (1730- 1795),  and  also  for  Rundell  &  Bridge, 
the  well-known  silversmiths.  Thomas  Stothard  (175^-1834), 
the  painter,  executed  designs  for  the  same  firm.  The  Adams 
Brothers,  architects,  also  worked  for  silversmiths,  introdu- 
cing classical  forms.  "Their  style  partly  followed  the 
French  'Louis  Seize'  artists,  who  produced  furniture  and 
gilt  metal  work  during  the  last  days  of  the  French  monarchy 
of  matchless  excellence."  From  each  of  these  three  periods  a 
selection  can  be  made  that  will  appeal  to  the  most  fastidious, 
but  the  silver  produced  in  the  Lamerie  period  perhaps  has 
the  greatest  number  of  admirers.  As  a  general  rule,  plate 
made  prior  to  1700,  when  put  upon  the  market,  com- 
mands an  exorbitant  price,  more  on  account  of  age  than 
for  its  beauty  or  desirableness.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
cost  of  a  piece  of  plate  of  the  eighteenth  century  depends 
upon  the  usefulness  of  the  article,  and  its  esthetic  merit. 

Throughout  the  second  half  of  this  century  beautiful  de- 
signs in  f^incy  and  plain  piercing  appeared  on  many  articles 
of  silver.  (See  No.  1 45 .)  This  style  was  probably  borrowed 
from  the  Dutch  silversmiths. 

In  the  year  1784  plate  was  taxed,  and  a  new  hall-mark 
appeared  in  the  form  of  the  sovereign's  head,  which  was 
placed  on  an  article  to  indicate  that  the  duty  had  been  paid. 


SIR     WILLIAM     BENN 

No.  9  (eighteenth  century) 

Goldsmith    and    Lord    Mayor  of   London    (1747) 

A   painting  at  the  Goldsmiths'    Hall  represents  Alderman   Benn   and  five  companions,  the 

members  of  a  Jacobean  society  called   "  Benn's   Club."     Three  of  the  six 

were  goldsmiths  and   all   six   were   Lord    Mayors  of  London 


INTRODUCTION  45 

If  we  except  some  beautiful  pieces  of  Renaissance  plate, 
made  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth,  it  may  be  said  that,  everything 
considered,  the  eighteenth  century  produced  the  greatest 
artistic  triumphs  of  the  silversmiths'  art  in  England. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  century  the  following  were  dis- 
tinguished silversmiths  :  Anthony  Nelme,  Francis  Nelme, 
Pierre  Platel,  Humphrey  Payne,  John  Payne,  Thomas  Snow, 
David  Willaume,  Andrew  Drummond,  John  Hugh  Le  Sage, 
Benjamin  Pyne,  the  Pantin  family,  William  Gamble,  and 
Pierre  Harache.  These  artisans  produced  a  great  deal  of 
plate,  and  many  pieces  made  by  them  are  still  in  existence. 

Sir  Richard  Hoare  was  Mayor  of  London  in  1 7 1 3,  and  the 
second  Sir  Richard  Hoare  also  held  that  office  in  1745.  Sir 
Francis  Child  was  mayor  in  1732.  Hoare,  Child,  and  also 
James  Coutts,  were  originally  banker-goldsmiths.  (See  No. 
96  for  example  of  Child's  work.)  Their  successors  are  still 
carrying  on  the  banking  business  in  London.  Coutts  Sc  Co. 
have  been  bankers  to  the  royal  family  for  many  years. 

About  the  middle  of  the  century  the  following  goldsmiths 
were  much  patronized:  William  Plummer,  Paul  Crespin, 
Peter  Archambo,  Thomas  Harache  (successor  to  Pierre, 
mentioned  above),  goldsmith  to  royalty  ;  Simon  Le  Sage 
(successor  to  John,  already  noted),  Sir  William  Benn  (No. 
9),  mayor  in  1747;  John  Blachford,  mayor  in  1750;  Sir 
Richard  Glyn,  also  Lord  Mayor,  and  Charles  Sprimont. 
The  latter  is  distinguished  "as  being  the  founder  of  the 


46  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

Chelsea  Porcelain  Factory  in  1750,  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Duke  of  Cumberland  and  Sir  Edward  Fawkener,  of 
which,  in  175s,  he  became  sole  proprietor."  (Chaffers's 
''Marks  and  Monograms  on  Pottery  and  Porcelain.") 

G.  M.  Moser  (1707- 1783)  was  both  a  goldsmith  and  an 
artist.  "  He  wrote  some  works  on  the  goldsmith's  art  and 
on  painting.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  Academy  of 
Painters  in  1768,  of  which  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  was  the 
first  president."     (Chaffers's  "Gilda  Aurifabrorum.") 

William  Hogarth  (1697- 1764),  the  artist,  was  appren- 
ticed to  Ellis  Gamble  (son  of  William,  mentioned  above) 
from  about  17  12  to  17 18.  He  was  chiefly  employed  in 
engraving  plate  (No.  87).  "  Of  the  many  works  that  were 
necessarily  produced  by  Hogarth,  in  the  course  of  his  ap- 
prenticeship with  Mr.  Gamble,  few,  comparatively,  have 
appeared,  that  are  decidedly  of  his  hand.  We  are  told  he 
was  so  industrious  and  attentive  to  the  interest  of  his  mas- 
ter, during  his  servitude,  as  to  have  been,  in  the  latter  part 
of  it,  his  chief  support,  as  well  as  that  of  his  own  family. 
This  industry  must  have  produced  innumerable  works,  and 
the  only  reason  to  be  assigned  for  their  scarcity,  is  their 
having  been  principally  done  on  pieces  of  plate,  from  which 
either  no  impression  was  taken,  or  if  taken,  was  merely  for 
the  use  of  the  artist,  in  the  course  of  his  business."  ("The 
Works  of  William  Hogarth,"  by  Rev.  John  Trusler,  pub- 
lished in  1 82 1.) 


INTRODUCTION  47 

The  most  famous  silversmith  of  this  century  was  Paul  de 
Lamerie.  He  was  in  business  forty  years,  and  died  in 
175  I.  This  noted  artist  was  patronized  by  the  nobility 
and  the  royal  family.  He  produced  a  very  large  quantity 
of  plate  which  was  always  beautifully  made,  graceful  in 
form  and  with  original  and  exquisite  ornamentation.  He 
seldom  duplicated  his  designs ;  that  was  left  to  the  unscru- 
pulous forgers  of  modern  times.  Genuine  Lamerie  plate  is 
much  sought  after,  and  commands  a  very  much  higher 
price  than  that  made  by  any  other  silversmith.  We  are 
fortunate  in  being  able  to  show  the  reader  examples  of  this 
famous  goldsmith's  work.     (See  Nos.  74,  75,  152,  159.) 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  century  the  noted  firm  of  Rundell 
Si  Bridge  was  organized.  Paul  Storr  made  most  of  their 
plate,  on  which  was  placed  the  well-known  mark  of  P.  S. 
Plate  with  this  mark  upon  it  is  frequently  very  desirable. 
(See  Nos.  107,  128,  129.)  The  firm  afterwards  became 
Storr  &  Mortimer,  and  finally  Hunt  &  Roskell. 

NINETEENTH   CENTURY 

Within  the  first  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century  many 
beautiful  pieces  of  silver  were  made,  notably  by  Paul  Storr ; 
but  from  the  time  of  the  accession  of  Qiieen  Victoria  to 
about  the  middle  of  the  century,  a  gradual  deterioration  was 
evident  in  the  silversmiths'  art.  However,  within  the  last 
twenty-five   years   a  continuous  improvement    has    been 


48  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

observed,  and  the  most  artistic  patterns  of  the  present  time 
are  those  that  have  been  copied  from  eighteenth-century 
models. 

Much  of  the  modern  silver  is  now  stamped  in  dies,  a 
process  which  is  rapid  and  inexpensive,  and  when  the  metal 
is  thin  and  light,  as  is  usually  the  case,  this  process  com- 
pares most  unfavorably  with  the  old-style,  solid,  hand- 
made article.  Production  is  greatly  increased  by  the  use  of 
elaborate  machinery,  and  hundreds  of  ornamental,  useful 
and  useless  articles  are  made. 

During  the  last  quarter  of  the  century  the  interest  in  col- 
lecting old  silver  has  steadily  increased;  in  consequence, 
desirable  pieces  are  becoming  most  rare,  and  the  prices 
correspondingly  high  ;  but,  provided  one  has  the  inclination 
and  the  wherewithal,  it  is  always  possible  to  procure  desir- 
able specimens,  especially  of  the  eighteenth  century.  That 
prices  for  old  plate  are  on  the  increase  was  exemplified  by 
the  recent  Dunn-Gardner  sale  in  London,  and,  to  a  certain 
extent,  by  the  Marquand  sale  in  New  York. 

In  England  there  are  many  valuable  collections  owned  by 
private  individuals:  in  this  connection  the  following  from 
the  "World  of  Fashion,"  September,  1835,  is  interesting: 

"  Apsley  House.  — Few  persons  are  acquainted  with  the  splendours  of  this 
noble  mansion.  The  rooms  present  the  most  magnificent  appearance  that  can  be 
imagined,  and  never  were  they  set  out  to  such  advantage  as  recently,  when  the 
King  dined  with  the  Duke  of  Wellington.  The  following  brief  description  of  the 
grand  banquetting  room,  upon  that  great  occasion,  is  from  the  pen  of  one  of  the 
visitors:  —  '  Anything  more  superb  I  never  saw,  nor  could  have  formed  any  con- 


INTRODUCTION 


49 


GOLDSMITHS'    HALL    OF    THE    EIGHTEENTH    CENTURY 


ception  of.  Fancy  a  room  200  feet  by  80  lined  throughout  with  yellow  silk,  and 
covered  with  pictures  of  the  old  masters;  the  cornices  and  ceiling  profusely  gilded, 
yet  relieved  by  oblong  plates  of  plain  ground  glass.  At  either  extremity  an  oaken 
sideboard  with  six  silver  gilt  shields  of  immense  magnitude,  emblematical  of  the 
Duke's  conquests,  and  presented  to  him  by  the  crowned  heads  of  Europe.  On 
the  dining-table,  spread  to  70  of  his  companions  in  arms,  and  His  Majesty,  stood 
two  marble  tripods  for  lights,  of  about  seven  feet  high,  passing  through  the  table, 
and  supported  by  grifFms  elaborately  carved  in  ormolu;  three  others  of  gold, 
though  of  smaller  dimensions,  but  particularly  magnificent  (the  gift  of  the  citizens 
of  London)  representing  in  bold  relief  and  as  large  as  life  a  foot-soldier  (with  his 
standard)  of  each  company  that  signalized  itself  on  the  field.  A  solid  gold  vase 
the  tribute  of  the  noblemen  of  England,  beautifully  pourtraying  the  Guards  form- 
ing a  square.  Between  every  second  guest  there  was  a  wine-cooler  of  Dresden 
china,  with  an  exquisite  painting  of  some  engagement,  or  some  general  officer 
that  was  in  it,  going  through  the  entire  series  of  his  victories,  and  those  who  par- 
ticipated in  them,  in  India,  the  Peninsula,  and  Waterloo.  The  value  of  the  plate  is 
estimated  at  300,000/.  The  table  on  which  it  principally  stood  was  held  up  by 
thick  wooden  levers  from  head  to  foot.  The  earthenware,  perhaps,  struck  me 
most,  save  that  at  the  bottom  of  his  staircase  stood  a  gigantic  figure  of  Napoleon, 
in  Parian  marble,  under  a  dome  of  painted  glass:  but  the  tout  ensemble  was  so 
unique,  so  splendid,  from  the  soup-tureens  and  candelabra  down  to  the  salt-cellars 
(for  these  were  supported  by  silver  elephants)  that  I  could  scarcely  believe  but 


50 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


PRESENT   GOLDSMITHS'    HALL 


that  it  was  the  effect  of  enchantment  by  which  1  had  been  transported  from  this 
dingy  metropoh's  into  the  fairy  palace  of  Aladdin.'  " 


Corporations,  the  Livery  Companies  of  London,  the  col- 
leges at  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  the  museums,  and  the 
churches  have  most  of  the  earliest  pieces.  The  largest  pri- 
vate collection  is  owned  by  His  Majesty,  Edward  Vll,  and  is 
valued  at  ^1,000,000.  The  most  important  collection  of 
old  silver,  and  one  that  represents  many  countries,  is  at  the 
South  Kensington  Museum.  There  are  also  large  and  valu- 
able collections  in  the  United  States.  One  of  these  that  we 
have  in  mind  numbers  many  pieces  and  is  of  very  great 
value. 

We  have  already  seen  how  the  vandalism  of  the  Refor- 


INTRODUCTION 


51 


DINING-ROOM   OF  GOLDSMITHS'   HALL 

The  fine  and   valuable  collection   of  antique  plate  can   be  seen   displayed   in  the  back   part  of  the  room.      The  tables 
are  set  with   silver  candelabra,  and   other  articles,   all  the  property  of  the  Company 

mation  deprived  the  cathedrals  and  churches  of  England  of 
an  immense  amount  of  wealth  in  the  form  of  plate.  When 
we  consider  the  artistic  beauty,  the  historical  interest,  and 
the  fabulous  value  of  those  ecclesiastical  collections,  we  are 
inclined  to  paraphrase  the  well-known  lines,  and  remark: 
O  Religion  !  Religion  !  how  much  beautiful  plate  has  been 
wantonly  destroyed  in  thy  name ! 


Grand  staircase  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Hall 


^2 


CHAPTER   I 

Spoons,   Knives  and   Forks 

SPOONS 

BEFORE  considering  this  subject,  the  author  would  like 
to  express  his  indebtedness  to  Mr.  W.  J.  Cripps  and  Mr. 
C.J.  Jackson  for  the  information  they  have  given  him  in 
their  interesting  and  scholarly  articles  on  spoons.  Mr.  H. 
O.  Westman  in  the  year  1845  wrote  a  very  instructive  book 
entirely  on  the  subject  of  spoons,  and  the  present  writer  has 
carefully  perused  that  work  and  taken  advantage  of  the  valu- 
able knowledge  it  contains. 

Inasmuch  as  the  interest  in  the  spoon,  from  the  collector's 
standpoint,  is  perhaps  greater  than  that  of  any  other  piece  of 
plate,  we  think  it  is  pardonable  to  diverge  a  little  from  our 
subject  in  giving  a  short  history  showing  its  development 
into  the  silver  article. 

From  the  knowledge  we  possess  ot  primitive  man,  it  is 
safe  to  assume  that  he  used  shells  to  convey  hot  liquids 
or  food  to  his  mouth;  hence  the  shell  may  be  considered  the 

forerunner  of  the  spoon.     As  the  arts  gradually  developed 

53 


54  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

among  the  races  of  men  and  something  more  artistic  than 
the  shell  was  sought  after,  the  horns  of  various  animals  were 
cut  into  spoons.  Examples  of  such  made  of  buffalo  horn 
can  be  seen  in  the  Philadelphia  Museum. 

The  next  material  used  was  probably  wood,  and  this  per- 
haps accounts  for  the  derivation  of  the  word  spoon,  for  in 
Old  English  ''spon"was  a  splinter  of  wood.  An  Indian 
spoon  of  wood  is  in  the  Philadelphia  Museum. 

Old  Egyptian  spoons  are  extant  made  of  wood,  stone, 
ivory  and  bronze,  examples  of  which  may  be  seen  in  the 
British  Museum.  They  are  of  fantastic  designs,  animals, 
fishes  and  mythological  subjects  entering  into  their 
decoration. 

The  earliest  mention  in  literature  of  spoons  made  of  a 
precious  metal  is  that  in  Exodus  25  :  29,  where  the  Lord 
instructs  Moses  to  make  some  golden  spoons  for  the  Taber- 
nacle. There  are  other  references  in  the  Bible,  and  it  is 
known  that  the  early  Christians  had  silver  spoons,  examples 
of  which  are  in  the  British  Museum.  Little  anointing-spoons 
used  at  the  baptismal  service  in  the  early  church  have  been 
found ;  they  were  probably  used  in  the  third  or  fourth  cen- 
turies. The  eucharistic  spoon,  or  labis,  is  used  in  the  Greek 
Church  to  administer  the  elements. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  in  a.d.  79  the  lava  and  ashes 
from  Vesuvius  submerged  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii. 
More  than  sixteen  hundred  years  elapsed  before  excavations 


SPOONS  55 

were  made  and  the  treasures  of  these  cities  were  discov- 
ered.    Among  these  treasures  were  found  silver  spoons. 

The  custom  of  using  a  spoon  for  anoint- 
ing sovereigns  at  the  coronation  ceremony 
dates  from  a  very  early  period.  In  the 
Bible  we  read  of  Nathan,  the  prophet,  anoint- 
ing Solomon  as  King  of  Israel.  The  spoon 
(No.  lo)  used  at  the  coronation  of  Edward 
Vll  is  a  very  interesting  antique.  There  is 
a  good  deal  of  controversy  as  to  its  date, 
but  experts  are  inclined  to  the  opinion  that 
it  is  about  six  hundred  years  old.  It  is 
used  in  the  coronation  ceremony  to  hold  the 
oil  with  which  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury anoints  the  sovereign. 

A  silver  spoon  found  in  a  grave,  and  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  period  (449-1066),  is  in  the 
Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford.  Spoons 
made  in  the  early  fifteenth  century  exist,  but 
the  earliest  perfect  hall-marked  spoon  is  ot 
the  year  1488.  A  hall-marked  spoon  exists 
that  is  earlier  than  the  one  just  mentioned, 
but  it  has  on  it  only  one  hall-mark,  the 
leopard's  head,  and  hence  it  is  impossible  to  determine  its 
exact  date. 

In  a  will  of  the  year  1446  mention  is  made  of  a  maiden- 


Coronation  Spoon 

Actual  length 
10  inches 

No.  10 


56 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


i          f         if                .  f         *         ^ 

(i  (i  (i  ]  i 

,  ' 

!#(« 

f      f      f    A   ^' 

1               ^moQSI              cjKm 

t 

^  (m  ^     m 

>  4(^ 

1 

^    \W    W     "™"    ^^ 

]            ^BESEEl^B        Bfl 

No.   11    (1617) 

Owner,    Mr.  J.  Pierpont   Morgan,   New  York 


head  spoon,  so  called  because  on  the  end  of  the  handle  was 
a  bust  of  the  Virgin  Mary  (No.  12).  This  style  was  com- 
mon in  the  sixteenth  century. 

A  very  popular  spoon  during  the  Tudor  time  (i  485-1 603) 
was  the  apostle  spoon,  which  is  found  as  late  as  1660.  This 
gets  its  name  from  the  fact  that  it  has  a  figure  of  an  apostle 
on  the  handle,  and  each  apostle  has  his  emblem,  as  St. 
Peter  with  the  key.  The  Master  spoon  has  the  orb  with 
a  cross.  In  No.  13  we  have  a  fine  example.  On  the  han- 
dle is  the  figure  of  St.  Nicholas  bringing  the  children  back 


No.  12 


No.  14 


57 


58  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

to  life.  The  inscription  is  easily  read — "St.  Nicholas 
Pray  For  Us."  This  spoon  was  sold  at  Christie's,  in  Lon- 
don, on  April  30th,  1902,  for  ^^690  ($3,450),  the  record 
price  for  a  spoon. 

A  perfect  set  of  apostle  spoons  consists  of  thirteen,  the 
Master  spoon  having  the  figure  of  Christ.  All  should  also 
be  of  the  same  date  and  by  the  same  maker.  Few  of  such 
sets  exist.  One  (No.  1 1)  was  sold  at  Christie's  on  March  28th, 
1903,  for  ;^i,o6o;  but  an  earlier  set  of  the  date  of  1536, 
sold  at  the  same  place  on  July  16th,  1903,  brought  the 
enormous  amount  of  ^4,900. 

Apostle  spoons  were  generally  given  by  sponsors  at  a 
christening.  Where  a  set  includes  as  many  as  six,  eight  or 
more  spoons,  and  where  these  are  of  the  same  date,  it  has 
been  surmised  that  the  sponsors  were  wealthy.  This  may 
be  so  in  some  cases,  but  inasmuch  as  the  early  church  per- 
mitted a  very  large  number  to  act  as  sponsors,  the  num- 
ber of  spoons  in  a  set  may  represent  the  number  of  sponsors, 
each  one  bringing  a  spoon.  It  is  true  that  the  church  in  the 
second  half  of  the  sixteenth  century  limited  the  number  of 
sponsors  to  three,  but  perhaps  these  later  church  laws  would 
account  for  the  small  sets  of  this  period. 

In  the  sixteenth  century  the  handles  were  of  various 
designs  and  often  terminated  in  the  following  forms  :  dia- 
mond point  (No  14),  acorn  (No  15),  maidenhead  (No.  12), 
seal  (No.  17),  lion   (No.  i5),  apostle  (No.  13),  strawberry, 


No.   16 


No.   15 


No.  17 


59 


6o  OLD  LONDON  SILVER 

bird,  shell  and  ball.  Frequently  the  end  of  the  handle  was 
without  any  of  these  ornamental  devices.  In  this  case  the 
handle  was  cut  off  diagonally  at  the  end  (No.  i8)  and  was 
sometimes  spoken  of  as  being  ''slipped  in  the  stalk."  The 
handle  was  generally  hexagonal  in  form,  or,  as  it  was  then 
called,  "six  squared,"  and  the  bowl  was  pear-shaped,  a 
form  that  existed  from  the  fourteenth  century  to  the  time  of 
Charles  I  (1625- 1649).  A  spoon  that  was  common  in  the 
seventeenth  century  had  a  flat  handle  and  was  perfectly 
plain.  It  became  popular  with  the  Roundheads,  and  hence 
was  called  the  "Puritan  spoon  "  (No.  19). 

In  the  seventeenth  century  the  shape  of  the  bowl  gradually 
changed  from  the  pear  shape  (No.  18)  to  the  oval  (No.  20). 
After  the  Restoration  ( 1 660)  we  find  the  following  changes : 
(I St.)  The  handle  is  flat  and  bent  forward,  terminating  in 
three  points,  sometimes  called  "split  end."  (2nd.)  Back 
of  the  bowl  appears  a  tongue;  this  style  is  called  a  "  rat 
tail  spoon"  (No.  20).  About  the  time  of  William  and 
Mary  (1688-1702)  the  end  of  the  handle  is  shaped,  often 
termed  "wavy  end  "  (No.  22). 

It  must  be  remembered  that  before  the  Restoration  they 
used  as  a  rule  what  we  would  now  call  table-spoons.  The 
dessert-spoon,  which  in  size  is  between  the  tea-spoon  and 
the  table-spoon,  was  not  popular  until  after  the  Restoration. 

Tea-spoons  were  introduced  in  the  late  seventeenth  cen- 
tury; they  were  then  very  small   like  the  modern  after- 


No.  18 


No.  20 


6i 


62  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

dinner  coffee-spoon ,  and  were  gradually  made  larger,  so  that 
by  the  time  of  George  1  (17  14-1727)  they  had  reached  the 
proportions  of  the  modern  tea-spoons. 

In  the  time  of  Queen  Anne  (1702-17 14)  a  new  pattern 
was  introduced ;  the  end  of  the  handle  is  rounded  and  a 
little  ridge  appears  and  the  top  of  the  handle  is  still  bent 
forward  (No  24).  About  this  time  a  very  small  snuff-spoon 
was  made  which  was  carried  with  the  snuff-box  and  used 
for  removing  the  snuff  from  the  box  to  the  hand.  Also  at 
this  time  was  first  made  the  marrow-spoon  (No.  21),  used 
for  extracting  the  marrow  from  bones.  Sometimes  the 
handle  of  a  table-spoon  was  made  like  a  marrow-spoon,  and 
in  this  way  could  serve  a  double  purpose,  but  generally  the 
marrow-spoons  are  double,  one  end  being  used  for  small 
bones  and  the  other  for  large. 

Another  eighteenth-century  invention  was  a  spoon  with 
a  pointed  handle  and  a  perforated  bowl.  There  is  much 
speculation  as  to  the  use  of  this  spoon,  but  it  was  probably 
used  to  remove  floating  tea  leaves  from  a  cup  of  tea  and  the 
pointed  handle  to  clear  the  straight-pointed  spout  of  the  tea- 
pot (No.  23). 

In  the  South  Kensington  Museum  there  is  a  collection  of 
about  one  hundred  spoons  of  the  eighteenth  century ;  in 
this  collection  the  date  letter  of  nearly  every  year  is  repre- 
sented. It  is  interesting  to  observe  that  in  this  series  of 
spoons  the  last  "split  end  "  spoon  is  of  the  year  1699;  the 


No.  22 


No.  21 


No.  23 


63 


64  OLD  LONDON    SILVER 

Last  "wavy  end"  spoon  is  of  the  year  1707;  the  first 
rounded  top  spoon  is  of  the  year  17  1 1 ;  and  the  Last  "  rat 
taiL'  spoon  is  of  the  year  1730.  From  this  time  on,  in  pLace 
of  the  "rat  taiL"  we  often  find  a  miniature  reproduction  of 
the  design  of  the  end  of  the  handle  (No.  24) ;  this  continued 
for  about  thirty  years,  when  in  place  of  the  design  just  men- 
tioned, we  frequently  find  what  is  termed  a  "drop"  (No. 
25).  The  first  spoon  with  this  feature,  in  the  collection 
referred  to  above,  is  of  the  year  1758.  Spoons  with  the 
"rat  fair 'and  "drop"  have  been  made  up  to  the  present  time. 

In  the  time  of  George  II  (1727- 1760)  appears  what  is 
termed  the  "Onslow"  pattern.  The  end  of  the  handle  is 
grooved  and  turned  back  (No.  26).  About  1750  there  was 
introduced  what  is  usually  called  the  "Old  English"  pat- 
tern. In  this  the  end  of  the  handle  is  rounded,  but  bent 
back,  generally  perfectly  plain,  although  sometimes  with  a 
little  ornamental  border  (No.  27). 

There  was  another  feature  of  the  eighteenth-century 
spoon  which  we  have  not  yet  considered,  and  that  is  the 
form  of  the  bowl,  which  gradually  changed  from  oval 
(No.  24)  to  egg  shape  (No.  25).  The  latter  form  was  firmly 
established  about  the  middle  of  the  century  and  has  con- 
tinued up  to  the  present  time. 

Early  in  the  nineteenth  century  the  "  Fiddle  back  "  spoon 
was  introduced  (No.  25);  also  the  celebrated  "Kings  pat- 
tern "  (No.  28).     These  two  styles  are  still  in  vogue. 


No.  24 


No.  25 


^5 


66  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

The  tea-caddy  spoons  first  appeared  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  They  are  varied  in  designs  and 
shapes,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  interesting  collection  of  about 
one  hundred,  all  of  different  design,  in  the  South  Kensing- 
ton Museum,  which  are  represented  in  Nos.  29  and  30. 

The  nineteenth  century  has  produced  the  salt-spoon,  the 
after-dinner  coffee-spoon  and  the  ice-cream  spoon,  the 
orange-spoon  and  innumerable  large  and  small  serving 
spoons. 

The  position  of  the  hall-marks  on  spoons  varied  in  differ- 
ent periods.  Prior  to  the  Restoration  and  for  a  short  time 
afterwards,  the  leopard's  head  is  on  the  inside  of  the  bowl 
and  near  the  handle,  while  the  other  marks  are  placed  on 
the  back  of  the  handle  near  the  bowl.  A  short  time  after 
the  Restoration  the  leopard's  head  (with  a  few  exceptions) 
was  placed  with  the  other  marks.  Mr.  L.  Crichton,  through 
whose  hands  many  hundreds  of  old  spoons  have  passed, 
and  whose  authority  on  antique  silver  is  unquestioned,  in- 
formed the  author  that  the  earliest  spoon  he  ever  saw  with 
the  leopard's  head  on  the  handle  was  of  the  year  1666. 
The  latest  spoon  known  to  him  having  the  leopard's  head 
in  the  bowl  is  one  of  the  year  1679.  Therefore  we  can  say 
that  from  about  the  year  1666  it  had  gradually  become 
the  rule  to  place  all  the  marks  on  the  back  of  the  handle 
and  near  the  bowl.  The  marks  when  in  this  position 
appear  longer  and  narrower  than  on  other  articles  :  this  is 


No.  27 


No.  26 


No.  28 


67 


68  OLD  LONDON    SILVER 

owing  to  hammering  and  finishing  after  they  are  stamped 
at  the  Hall — all  pieces  being  sent  there  in  an  unfinished 
condition.  We  continue  to  find  the  marks  in  this  position 
until  about  the  year  1781,  when  they  appear  on  the  back  of 
the  handle,  but  near  the  end  instead  of  near  the  bowl. 
After  the  introduction  of  the  duty-mark,  which  was  the 
sovereign's  head,  the  following  sequence  in  the  marks  is 
usually  found :  lion,  leopard,  date-letter,  sovereign's  head, 
and  the  maker's  mark  appearing  before  or  after  this  sequence. 


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Collection  of  Caddy  Spoons  at  South   Kensington    Museum 


7' 


KNIVES 

The  earliest  knives  were  made  of  flint  or  stone,  later  of 
bronze,  iron  or  steel.  The  Jews  and  the  Eastern  nations 
did  not  use  knives  at  their  meals ;  the  Greeks  cut  the  meat 
into  small  pieces  with  a  large  knife,  and  ate  the  portions 
with  the  fingers. 

In  the  early  days  of  England  each  man  carried  a  knife 
in  a  sheath.  We  find  this  kind  of  knife  often  with  an 
ornamental  silver  handle,  and  we  know  that  it  was  used 
both  at  meals  and  for  defence.  Chaucer  (died  1 400)  speaks 
of  a  Sheffield  whittle,  the  old  word  for  knife.  From  this 
reference  we  know  that  even  in  the  fourteenth  century  Shef- 
field was  famed  for  its  cutlery.  He  also  speaks  of  silver 
sheaths  in  which  the  knives  were  carried  at  the  side.  This 
custom  of  carrying  a  knife  continued  up  to  the  seventeenth 
century.  In  the  sixteenth  century  most  beautiful  sheaths 
were  made  of  silver  studded  with  precious  stones.  Often 
the  sheaths  contained  two  knives,  and,  in  the  seventeenth 

century,  a  knife  and  fork. 

73 


I)'  ' 


»  'fl 


iiniMi 


No.  31.     Pistol-handle  Knives 


74 


KNIVES  73 

In  the  seventeenth  century  the  custom  of  using  the 
sheathed  knife  at  table  gradually  fell  into  disuse,  and  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  century  the  rich  man's  table  was  set  with 
silver-handled  knives.  In  the  time  of  Queen  Anne  the 
shape  of  the  handle  gave  the  name  of  "pistol-handle" 
knives  (No.  31). 

In  the  early  George  III  period  (1760- 1820)  we  find  the 
dessert-knife,  with  a  silver  blade  and  ivory  handle,  the  ivory 
frequently  being  colored  green. 

The  blades  of  the  early  knives  being  made  of  steel,  the 
hall-marks  appear  on  the  handles.  When  the  blades  and 
handles  are  of  silver,  the  marks  generally  appear  on  both, 
or,  if  made  of  one  piece,  on  the  blade  only. 


SILVER-GILT   KNIVES 

No.  32  (1839) 

Part  of  a  set  of  seven  dozen,  all  different 
Owner,  Rev.  Alfred  Duane  Pell,  New  York 


83Vlk 


ijiib  li£ 


FORKS 

The  Hebrews,  the  Greeks  and  the  Romans  did  not  have 
table-forks,  but  a  two-pronged  serving-fork  was  often  used. 

We  find  in  inventories  of  the  twelfth  century  references 
to  the  fork,  but  it  was  not  until  the  sixteenth  century  that 
it  was  widely  used  by  any  nation.  In  that  century  it 
became  quite  common  in  Italy,  and  in  Venice,  Florence 
and  Rome  no  sumptuous  feast  was  complete  without  a 
fork  at  each  plate. 

At  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  fork  was  a 
novelty  in  France  and  in  England.  Queen  Elizabeth  (1558- 
1603)  possessed  two  or  three,  but  she  probably  looked 
upon  them  as  curiosities,  for  it  was  quite  proper  in  those 
days,  except  in  Italy,  to  convey  food  from  the  dish  to  the 
mouth  by  means  of  the  fingers. 

Thomas  Coryat,  an  Englishman,  visited  Italy  in  1608, 
and  there  saw  the  Italians  using  silver  forks.     He  adopted 

the  custom  himself  and  on  his  return  to  England  brought 

77 


78  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

a  fork  with  him.  hi  his  book,  "  Crudities,"  published  in 
1610,  he  mentions  the  Italian  custom  of  using  the  fork  at 
meals.  Some  of  the  rich  people  took  up  the  new  custom, 
but  there  was  great  opposition  to  it  at  first.  It  was  con- 
sidered sinful  to  use  a  fork,  and  one  clergyman  of  the  day, 
preaching  a  sermon  against  this  custom,  declared  that  it 
was  "an  insult  to  Providence  not  to  touch  one's  meat 
with  one's  fingers." 

Before  the  introduction  of  forks,  the  hands  were  washed 
after  each  course;  for  this  purpose  a  towel  and  a  dish  filled 
with  rose  water  were  passed  to  each  guest. 

Silver  forks  grew  in  favor  slowly,  and  it  was  not  until 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  that  we  find  them  used, 
and  then  only  by  the  wealthy.  The  rich,  however,  did  not 
possess  many,  hence  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  custom 
of  serving  sherbet  in  the  middle  of  a  dinner  was  introduced 
to  give  the  servants  time  to  wash  the  forks. 

The  first  table-forks  were  two-pronged.  Among  the 
Corporation  plate  of  the  city  of  Liverpool  are  some  two- 
pronged  forks  that  were  made  in  the  early  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. In  the  South  Kensington  Museum  are  many  examples 
of  Italian  and  German  two-pronged  forks  of  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries. 

The  oldest  three-pronged  forks  known  were  made  in  the 
year  1667;  this  new  style  came  into  general  use  about  the 
commencement  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  was  popular 


§"!;!; 


No.  33 


No.  34 

From  the  collection  of  Mr.   Heber  R.  Bishop,  New  York 


No.  35 


19 


8o 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


for  about  fifty  years  (Nos.  33,  34,  35).  Four-pronged  forks 
were  first  made  about  1726,  and  by  the  middle  of  the  cen- 
tury they  had  superseded  those  with  three  prongs. 

The  handles  of  forks  followed  the  same  designs  as  spoons 
of  the  same  period,  and  what  has  been  said  in  regard  to  the 
hall-marks  on  spoons  applies  also  to  forks. 


No.  36  (1784) 
Dessert  Service  of  Sixty-six   Pieces.      Owner,    Mr.    Marsden  J.    Perry,    Providence,  R.    I. 


No.  37.     Pedestal  Salt,  with  Cover  (1586) 

At  South  Kensington  Museum 


82 


CHAPTER   II 
SALTS 

IN  the  Middle  Ages  the  salt-cellar  was  the  most  important 
article  on  a  nobleman's  table.  It  was  very  large  and 
decorative.  At  this  time  the  feudal  system  had  divided 
society  into  many  classes,  and  the  distinction  between 
them  was  carried  out  even  at  the  feast.  The  salt  was 
placed  on  the  table  in  such  a  way  that  it  was  the  line  of 
demarcation  between  the  noble  and  inferior  guests,  and  was 
kept  covered  to  protect  it  from  any  poisonous  substance. 
The  expression  "  to  sit  above  the  salt"  is  found  in  the  old 
literature  of  Scotland,  England  and  France,  and  whenever 
this  quaint  phrase  is  used  it  signifies  that  those  who  sat 
above  the  salt-cellar  were  of  high  rank  as  compared  with 
those  below.  Bishop  Hall  (i  =,74-1656)  in  one  of  his 
satires  thus  alludes  to  this  old  custom  : 

"A  gentle  squire  would  gladly  entertain 
Into  his  house  some  trencher-Chaplain: 
Some  willing  man  that  might  instruct  his  sons, 
And  that  would  stand  to  good  conditions. 
First,  that  he  lie  upon  the  truckle-bed, 
While  his  young  master  lieth  o'er  his  head. 
Second,  that  he  do,  on  no  default, 
Ever  presume  to  sit  above  the  salt." 

83 


84 


OLD   LONDON   SILVER 


No.  38.     Bell  Salt  (1591).    9i^  inches  high 

Sold  at  the  Dunn-Gardner   Sale,  April,  1902,  for  j£6oo 


We  know  from  descriptions  that  exist  of  these  salts  that 
they  must  have  been  very  imposing  articles  of  plate,  often 
being  made  of  gold  and  set  with  jewels.  For  example,  when 
Charles  1  came  to  the  throne  in  1623  he  sold  a  good  deal  of 
the  gold  and  silver  plate  that  belonged  to  the  royal  collec- 
tion. Among  the  articles  was  a  gold  salt  that  weighed  over 
one  hundred  and  fifty  ounces.  It  was  ornamented  with  the 
following  jewels :  nine  sapphires,  six  large  pearls,  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty-nine  little  pearls,  ninety-nine  rubies,  and  fifty- 
one  diamonds. 


No.  39.     Steeple  Salt  (1626).      10  inches  high 

From  the  Burlington   Fine  Arts   Catalogue 


85 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


No.  40  (about  1 


In  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth  century  a  salt  was  made 
in  the  shape  of  an  hour-glass,  and  it  sometimes  had  a  cover. 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  has  one  of  this  character,  hall- 
mark of  the  year  1507.  At  least  half  a  dozen  of  these 
salts  exist.  About  the  middle  of  this  century  the  pedestal 
salt  first  appears.  It  varies  in  size  and  is  sometimes  a  foot 
high,  ornamental  in  style,  and  in  shape  square  or  cylindrical, 
but  generally  the  latter.  On  the  cover  frequently  appears 
a  statuette  or  other  ornament.  No.  37  represents  one  of  this 
description,  which  although  somewhat  bent,  probably  from 
long  usage,  is  nevertheless  a  good  example. 


No,  41  (1740) 

From  the  collection  of   Mr.   Heber  R.  Bishop,  New  York 


87 


SALTS 

Near  the  end  of  the  century 

a  new  style  was  invented,  which, 

owing  to  its  shape,  was  called 

the   "bell    salt"    (No.  38).     It 

is,  in  most  cases,  on  three  feet, 

and  has  a  domed  top,  which  is  no.42(i778) 

removable,  and  which  is  used  as  a  pepper  caster.     This 

bell  salt  is  divided   into  several  compartments  which   fit 

into  each  other,  so  that  it  could  hold   spices  as  well  as 

salt.  This  kind  was  popu- 
lar only  for  a  short  time. 
A  salt,  called  the  "steeple 
salt,"  was  made  in  the  first 
part  of  the  next  century  ; 
it  was  on  feet  and  had  a 
short  pedestal  upon  which 
was  an  ornamental  pointed 

top  held  up  by  four  posts.     Few   of  these  were  made. 

(See  No.   39,  which  was  exhibited  at  the  Burlington  Fine 

Arts  Club  in  1902.) 

During  the  seventeenth  century 

a  low  salt  without  a  cover,  in  form 

square,  circular  or  octagonal,  was 

common  (see  one  made  about  1 680 

in  No.  40).     This  style  often  had 

supports  upon  which  a  napkin  was  placed  to  cover  the  salt. 


No.  43  (1778) 


No.  44(1798) 


88 


OLD  LONDON  SILVER 


No.  45  (1770) 


Earlier  than  the  sixteenth  century 
the  small  individual  salts  appeared. 
They  were  made  round,  triangular 
or  square,  and  are  called  "  trencher 
salts."  In  the  last  part  of  the  sev- 
enteenth century  a  plain,  low,  hexagonal  salt  (No.  41)  was 
much  used,  and  continued  in  popularity  up  to  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

In  the  time  of  George  11 
( 1 727-1 760)  a  round  salt  on 
three  feet  was  introduced  (Nos. 
42  and  44),  a  form  that  is  still 
made.  A  style  that  has  always 
been  very  popular  is  the  oval 
pierced  gallery  salt  (Nos.  45  and  47),  with  a  glass  lining 
and  on  four  feet,  which  came  into  use  about  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century.     At  the  end  of  that  century  the 

oval  form  on  a  foot  (No.  43),  with- 
out piercing,  and  frequently  with 
two  handles, was  prevalent.  Some- 
times we  find  the  oval  ones  oc- 
tagonal in  form,  as  the  one  hall- 
marked 1809  (No.  46).  The  other 
forms  (Nos.  48  and  49)  are  of  nineteenth-century  manu- 
facture. 


No.  46  (1809) 


No.  47  (1794) 


SALTS 


89 


No.  48  (18I5j 


Concerning  the  position  of  the  hall-marks  on  salts,  no  rule 
can  be  given  for  the  early  ones,  but  for  the  last  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years  the  marks  have  generally  been  placed 
on  the  bottom. 


fjrm^t* 


No.  49  (1820) 


CHAPTER   HI 
CUPS 

FOR  thousands  of  years  drinking-cups  have  been  made 
of  many  different  kinds  of  material  and  formed  into 
countless  shapes.  Cups  of  gold  or  of  silver  were  made 
from  the  earliest  times.  As  far  back  in  history  as  the  time 
of  Joseph  we  read  of  the  "  cup,  the  silver  cup"  that  was  put 
in  Benjamin's  sack  (Genesis  44:  2). 

In  the  Middle  Ages  the  wine-cup  was  an  important  article 
of  plate,  made,  as  a  rule,  of  some  rare  or  costly  material. 
It  was  frequently  of  great  size,  with  an  elaborate  cover. 
When  it  stood  on  a  foot  it  was  called  a  hanap.  The 
chief  guest  at  a  feast  was  served  from  the  hanap  by  the 
cup-bearer,  who  held  an  important  place  in  a  nobleman's 
household,  for  it  was  he  who,  before  serving,  tested  or 
"essayed"  the  wine,  to  determine  whether  it  contained 
poison.  This  office  of  cup-bearer  is  of  great  antiquity, 
for  we  read  in  Nehemiah  i:  2:  "I  was  the  king's  cup- 
bearer." 

Mr.  Cripps  says  in  his  "Old  English  Plate":  "The  splen- 

91 


92  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

dor  of  the  cup  marked  the  consequence  of  him  who  used  it; 
.  .  .  they  were  often  known,  not  only  in  the  household  of 
the  owner,  but  even  in  the  district  in  which  he  lived,  by 
special  names,  and  the  custody  of  the  cup  has  signified  the 
ownership  of  an  estate." 

The  grace-cup  in  the  Middle  Ages  was  handed  around 
the  table  after  grace  had  been  said  at  the  end  of  a  meal. 
Our  ancestors  said  grace  both  before  and  after  eating.  The 
origin  of  the  grace-cup  is  thus  accounted  for :  Margaret 
Atheling,  the  English  consort  of  Malcolm  111  of  Scotland  (died 
1093),  was  so  disgusted  with  the  way  in  which  the  royal 
guests  would  leave  the  table  as  soon  as  their  appetites  were 
appeased  that  she  promised  those  who  remained  to 
hear  grace  a  draught  ot  choicest  Rhenish  wine  from  a 
large  golden  cup,  which  was  thereafter  called  the  grace- 
cup. 

Robert  Burton,  in  his  "Anatomy  of  Melancholy,"  pub- 
lished in  1 62 1 ,  says  :  "  As  a  corollary  to  conclude  the  feast, 
and  continue  their  mirth,  a  grace  cup  came  in  to  cheer  their 
hearts,  and  they  drank  healths  to  one  another  again  and 
again."  More  than  a  century  later  Robert  Lloyd  (1733- 
1764)  writes: 

"A  dniught  from  this  cup, 
And  dinner,  grace,  and  grace  cup  done, 
Expect  a  wond'rous  deal  of  fun." 

This  custom  is  still  practised  in  colleges,  at  the  Lord 
Mayor's  feast  and  at  state  banquets.     In  drinking  from  the 


CUPS  93 

grace-cup,  two  persons  rise,  and  while  one  drinks  the  other 
stands  by  his  side  to  protect  him. 

The  "wassail  bowl  "was  used  by  the  Anglo-Saxons.  It 
was  a  bowl,  or  cup,  filled  with  spiced  ale,  and  on  New 
Year's  day  was  partaken  of  by  all.  After  the  introduction 
of  Christianity  the  monks  adopted  this  old  custom,  but 
called  the  vessel  "poculum  caritatis"  (or  cup  of  love),  and 
this  term  is  still  used  in  the  London  Livery  Companies.  This 
is  the  probable  origin  of  the  expression  "loving  cup."  A 
distinction  was  made  at  one  time  between  a  two-handled 
and  a  three-handled  cup.  The  former  was  called  a  parting- 
or  stirrup-cup  and  the  latter  a  loving-cup.  To  Lord  Lyons 
( 1 8 1 7- 1 887)  is  credited  the  following  anecdote : 

"King  Henry  of  Navarre  (1553-1610),  whilst  hunting,  became  separated  from 
his  companions,  and,  feeling  thirsty,  called  at  a  wayside  inn  for  a  cup  of  wine. 
The  serving  maid  on  handing  it  to  him  as  he  sat  on  horseback,  neglected  to  pre- 
sent the  handle.  Some  wine  was  spilt  over,  and  His  Majesty's  white  gauntlets 
were  soiled.  While  riding  home,  he  bethought  him  that  a  two-handled  cup  would 
prevent  a  recurrence  of  this,  so  His  Majesty  had  a  two-handled  cup  made  at  the 
Royal  Potteries  and  sent  it  to  the  inn.  On  his  next  visit,  he  called  again  for 
wine,  when,  to  his  astonishment,  the  maid  (having  received  instructions  from  her 
mistress  to  be  very  careful  of  the  King's  cup),  presented  it  to  him,  holding  it  to 
herself  by  each  of  its  handles.  At  once  the  happy  idea  struck  the  King  of  a  cup 
with  three  handles,  whi'ch  was  promptly  acted  upon,  as  His  Majesty  quaintly  re- 
marked, '  Surely  out  of  three  handles  1  shall  be  able  to  get  one. '  Hence  the  Loving 
Cup." 

Whether  this  pretty  story  be  true  or  false  we  are  not  pre- 
pared to  say,  but  the  fact  remains  that  there  are  very  few  old 
silverthree-handledcups  in  existence.  We  have  only  seen  one, 
and  that  was  in  the  Dunn-Gardner  collection .  At  the  present 
day  a  cup  with  two  or  more  handles  is  called  a  loving-cup. 


94  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

We  now  come  to  the  consideration  of  the  different  kinds 
of  cups  that  were  made  in  England  from  time  to  time.  On 
account  of  the  large  number  of  examples  that  we  desire  to 
illustrate  and  describe,  this  chapter  will  be  a  pictorial  one  to 
a  great  extent ;  but  the  description  of  each  style  will  be  found 
either  below  the  illustration  or  on  the  page  facing  it.  As  tar 
as  possible  the  illustrations  are  chronologically  arranged. 

The  hall-marks  on  the  early  cups  were  very  often  on  the 
side,  but  this  was  not  always  the  case.  In  George  II's  time 
(1727- 1 760)  and  during  part  of  George  Ill's  reign  (1760- 
1820)  they  were  placed  in  almost  all  cases  underneath. 
During  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century  they  no 
longer  appear  on  the  bottom  but  usually  on  the  side,  near 
the  handle,  or  occasionally  on  the  outside  rim  of  the  base. 
At  present  they  are  put  on  the  side. 


HORN    CUPS 

Drinking-horns  were  used  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
centuries,  but  only  a  few  have  come  down  to  us.  The  one 
illustrated  (No.  50)  is  the  oldest  known.  It  is  made  of 
buffalo  horn,  and  is  silver-mounted,  but  the  mountings  are 
probably  of  Elizabethan  date.  John  Goldcome,  alderman, 
presented  this  horn  cup  to  the  Guild  of  Corpus  Christi, 
about  the  year  1347.  This  guild  was  instrumental  in 
founding  the  college  of  the  same  name,  and  the  horn  even- 
tually became  the  property  of  the  college. 

From  remote  antiquity  came  the  superstitious  belief  in 
horn  as  an  antidote  to  poison.  The  horn  was  supposed 
to  vibrate  if  it  touched  a  substance  containing  poison. 
This  superstition  prevailed  as  late  as  the  sixteenth  century. 

The  horn  of  the  f^ibled  unicorn  was  especially  prized,  and 
enormous  prices  were  paid  for  it.  Thomas  Dekker,  in  the 
"Gull's  Horn  Book, "published  in  1609,  speaks  of  ''the  uni- 
corn, whose  horn  is  worth  a  city."  A  medieval  prince  who 
possessed  a  small  piece  of  this  horn  would  attach  it  to  a 
chain,  dip  it  into  the  wine  before  partaking,  and  thus  make 
the  poison  test. 

The  horns  of  the  narwhal  and  rhinoceros  were  sold  by 
the  unscrupulous  medieval  merchants  as  genuine  unicorn. 
The  form  of  this  fabulous  animal  of  India,  with  the  body  of 
a  horse  and  one  horn,  is  well  known  as  the  sinister  sup- 
porter of  the  royal  arms  of  England . 

95 


No.  50  (middle  of  fourteenth   century) 
At  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge.      From  Cambridge  Plate  Catalogue 


THE  WAY  THE   HORN    WAS   USED 

From   "The  Conrioisseur " 


96 


CUPS 


97 


No.  51.     Ostrich  Egg  Cup  (fourteenth  century) 

At  Corpus  Christi  College.  Cambridge.     Height,   15  inches 
From  Cambridge  Plate  Catalogue 


During  the  Middle  Ages  ostrich  eggs  were  believed  to  be 
the  eggs  of  the  griffin,  a  fanciful  creature,  half  lion  and  half 
eagle,  whose  form  is  familiar  as  it  appears  in  architecture  and 
heraldry.  The  cup  above  was  probably  given  to  Corpus 
Christi  Guild,  in  1342,  by  Henry  Tangmer.  The  egg  is 
now  broken,  being  held  together  only  by  the  silver  mount- 
ing which  was  made  in  1593.  Ostrich  egg  cups,  some- 
times all  of  silver,  were  made  as  late  as  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, but  only  a  few  are  in  existence. 


98 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


No  52.     Cocoanut  Cup  (early  fifteenth  century) 

At  New  College,  Oxford.      Height,  8  inches 


Cocoanuts  were  blown  across  the  Indian  Ocean  from  Sey- 
chelles, where  the  cocoanut  palm  flourished,  and  before 
their  source  was  known,  marvelous  stories  were  recounted 
as  to  their  origin.  They  were  much  prized  and  often 
mounted  with  silver  into  cups.  There  are  but  few  in  exist- 
ence, and  the  earliest  known  is  the  one  shown  above,  which 
is  beautifully  mounted  in  silver  parcel  gilt.  One  of  the 
seventeenth  century  in  the  Dunn-Gardner  collection  was  sold 
for  /"960.    Cocoanut  cups  have  been  made  entirely  of  silver. 


CUPS 


99 


No.  53.     The  "  Anathema"  Cup  (1481) 

At  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge.      Height,  85^  inches 


This  cup  derives  its  name  from  the  inscription  which  it 
bears  —  Qiii  alienavent  anathema  sit  (Cursed  be  he  who 
steals  this).  It  was  formerly  enameled,  and  the  foot 
is  removable.  it  is  interesting  as  being  the  earliest 
hall-marked  cup  thus  tar  found  and  the  second  earliest 
hall-marked  article  known.  It  was  given  to  the  college  in 
1497  by  Thomas  Langton,  who  was  appointed  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury  in  i  soo. 


lOO 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


No.  54  (1521) 

Height,  4j^  inches.     Weight,  14  oz. 
From  Christie's  Catalogue 


Very  small  cups  were  peculiar  to  the  early  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. The  one  of  this  kind  which  we  illustrate  was  sold  at 
the  Dunn-Gardner  sale  for  ;^4ioo,  or  about  ;^29o  per 
ounce,  probably  the  highest  price  ever  paid  for  any  single 
piece  of  English  hall-marked  silver.  Considering  the  size 
and  weight,  and  that  others  of  as  early  date  exist,  the  price 
seems  extraordinary.  At  the  same  sale  another  bowl- 
shaped  cup,  of  about  the  same  date  (152s),  of  less  weight, 
but  almost  as  desirable,  brought  only  £SSo,  which  was 
considered  a  fair  price.  An  explanation  of  the  ;^4ioo  bid 
for  the  little  Tudor  cup  is  perhaps  to  be  found  in  the  fact 
that  England  and  America  were  competing  for  it,  and  Eng- 
land, in  the  person  of  Mr.  J.  A.  Holms,  won. 


CUPS 


lOI 


No.  55.     The  Howard  Cup  (1525).     Height,  \2'(  inches 

Owner,  the   Duke  of   Norfolk 
From    Burlington    Fine  Arts  Catalogue 


This  cup  of  ivory  and  silver  is  decorated  with  pearls  and 
gems.  On  the  cover  is  the  figure  of  St.  George  and  the 
dragon.  It  once  belonged  to  Baron  Berkeley,  who  died  in 
1532.  His  grandson  married  a  daughter  of  Henry  Howard, 
Earl  of  Surrey,  and  the  cup  has  probably  been  in  the  family 
ever  since.   English  cups  of  ivory  and  silver  are  seldom  found. 


102 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


^m 


m^ 


No.  56.     Melon  Cup  (1563).     Height,  lOji  inches 

Owner,  the    Inner  Temple 
From    Burlington  FineAris   Catalogue 


Melon,  calabash,  or  gourd  cups  were  so  called  from  their 
resemblance  to  the  dried  shell  of  the  gourd.  They  were 
first  made  in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The  one 
shown  above  is  the  earliest  hall-marked  example  known. 


CUPS 


10' 


No.  57.    The  Cockayne  Cup  (1565) 

Height,  \6;4  inches.     Weight,  72  oz. 
Owner, the  Company  of  Skinners.      From   Ironmongers'  Hall  Catalogue 


This  cock  cup  is  one  of  a  set  of  five,  all  of  which  are  silver- 
gilt,  its  form  has  a  punning  significance — the  donor's 
name  being  Mr.  William  Cockayne.  He  bequeathed  them 
to  the  company  in  his  will  dated  October  24,  1 598.  When 
in  use  the  head  is  removed.  Silver  cups  in  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries  were  made  in  the  form  of  various 
birds  and  animals,  a  style  borrowed  from  the  Augsburg  and 
Nuremberg  silversmiths,  and  the  custom  spread  even  to 
Italy.  It  will  be  remembered  that  Baron  Bradwardine,  in 
Scott's  "  Waverley,"  had  a  drinking-cup  in  the  form  of  a 
bear. 


104 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


No.  58.      Hanap  or  Standing  Cup  (1616) 

Height,  25   inches 
At  St.  John's  College,   Cambridge 


A  radical  departure  was  made  in  the  form  of  the  standing 
cup  of  the  second  halfot  the  sixteenth  century. 

The  above,  though  later  in  date,  is  a  beautiful  example  of 
a  typical  Elizabethan  design.  It  is  richly  ornamented  in 
Renaissance  style,  and  of  a  form  copied  from  the  German 
cups  of  the  same  period. 


CUPS 


105 


No.  59      Standing  Cup  (early  seventeenth  century) 

Owner,  Mr.  Robert  Hoe,  New  York 


The  early  seventeenth  century  was  the  period  of  the  in- 
verted cone-shape  cup,  but  there  are  a  few  in  existence  known 
to  have  been  made  about  fifty  years  later. 

Instead  of  a  statuette  on  the  cover,  a  steeple  generally  ap- 
pears, in  this  respect  resembling  the  steeple  salts  of  the  same 
era.  (See  No.  39.)  A  cup  of  this  fashion,  made  in  1604, 
nineteen  inches  high  and  weighing  66^  oz.,  was  sold  in  the 
Dunn-Gardner  sale  for  ^4,000. 


10b 


OLD   LONDON   SILVER 


No.  60  (early  seventeenth  century)  No.  61  (1619) 

From  Christie's  Catalogue 


No.  62(1626) 


These  three  cups,  which  in  form  resemble  the  Venetian 
glass  cups  of  the  same  period,  are  very  good  specimens  of 
the  different  styles  of  small  drinking-cups  used  in  England 
from  about  1550  to  1700.  No.  5i  was  sold  for  ;^52o  in 
the  Dunn-Gardner  sale. 

A  cup  shaped  like  No.  60  was  used  as  a  communion 
cup  in  Scotland  during  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
No.  60  resembles  in  form  the  cup  from  which  Charles  I  took 
his  last  communion  just  before  his  execution.  That  sad 
relic  was  made  in  1629,  and  is  the  property  of  the  Duke  of 
Portland,  who  permitted  it  to  be  exhibited  at  the  Ormond 
Hospital  Loan  Collection  in  July,  1902. 


BEAKERS 

Beakers  are  of  cylindrical  form,  and,  as  a  rule,  taper  a  little 
towards  the  spreading  foot.  They  have  no  handles,  and 
seldom  are  found  with  covers. 

The  "  Founder's  Cup  "  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  is  a 
beaker,  and  it  was,  perhaps,  made  in  the  fourteenth  century; 
but  it  was  not  until  the  last  half  of  the  sixteenth  century  that 
any  number  were  produced.  They  were  quite  common  in 
the  first  quarter  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  those  of 
small  size  were  used  as  drinking-cups.  But  the  increasing 
manufacture  of  glass  drinking-vessels  in  England  during  the 
seventeenth  century  soon  put  the  silver  beaker  in  the  back- 
ground. Horn  was  a  very  common  material  for  making 
beakers. 

One  seldom  meets  with  a  large  English  beaker  such  as 

the  fine  example  on  the  following  page  (No.  63),  but  Holland 

and  Germany  have  produced  many  large  as  well  as  small 

ones. 

107 


No.  63  (1618) 
Owner,    Mr.   Robert  Hoe,   New  York 


1 08 


CUPS 


109 


No.  64.     The  Burleigh  Cup  (1684) 

Height,  22'/^  inches.     Weight,  gSJ^  oz. 
At  St.  John's  College,  Cannbridge.      From  Cambridge  Plate  Catalogue 

A  large  goblet-shaped  cup  on  a  baluster  stem  was  intro- 
duced in  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  con- 
tinued in  vogue  for  about  seventy-five  years.  They  were 
sometimes  elaborately  chased,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Pepys 
Cup  (1677)  at  Clothworkers'  Hall.  The  cup  illustrated 
above  derives  its  name  from  the  donor,  who  was  the  fourth 
Earl  of  Salisbury. 


I  10 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


No.  65.     A  Nest  of  Tumbler-cups  (H 


In  the  seventeenth  century  these  quaint  little  drinking- 
cups  were  first  made,  and  became  popular  in  the  colleges. 
The  bottom  was  heavy  and  rounded,  so  that  the  cup  would 
rock  at  the  touch,  but  right  itself  eventually  —  hence  the 
name  tumbler.  It  was  the  custom  to  empty  the  cup  by  a 
single  draught  before  putting  it  down  ;  for  if  placed  on  the 
table  with  any  liquor  in  it,  it  would,  at  the  slightest  touch, 
be  true  to  its  name  and  tumble  over.  One  of  the  cups  is 
smaller  than  the  other,  and  fits  into  the  larger  when  not  in 
use,  which  accounts  for  the  expression,  "  nest  of  cups." 


CAUDLE-CUPS 

Caudle-cups,  which  were  used  for  a  warm  drink,  com- 
posed of  ale,  sugar,  eggs,  bread  and  spices,  were  first  made 
early  in  the  seventeenth  century.  They  are  always  of  the 
same  general  form,  liulging  out  at  the  foot  and  tapering 
towards  the  top. 

At  first  they  were  quite  plain  with  ring  handles.  In 
Charles  ll's  time  (1650-1685)  the  handles  were  larger  and 
decorative.  The  chasing  of  the  cup,  cover  and  salver  was 
very  ornate,  with  animals,  birds,  and  acanthus  or  tulip 
leaves,  a  popular  decoration  at  that  time.  No.  67,  on  the 
opposite  page,  is  of  the  fashion  we  have  described.  It  is 
rare  to  find  these  cups  complete — that  is,  with  cover  and 
salver. 

The  silver  caudle-cup,  also  called  posset-cup,  was  the 
first  two-handled  cup  ever  made  in  England.  Posset  in 
the  time  of  Charles  II  was  a  popular  and  luxurious  bever- 
age composed  of  hot  milk,  curdled  by  the  infusion  of  liquor. 
Mr.  Cripps  says:  "The  curd  floated  above  the  liquor,  and 
rising  into  the  narrow  part  of  the  cup,  could  be  easily  re- 
moved, leaving  the  clear  fluid  at  the  bottom." 

"  After  supper  to  dancing  and  singing  till  about  twelve  at  night  ;  and  then  we 
had  a  good  sack  possett  for  them,  and  an  excellent  cake." 

Pcpys  Diary,  Jan.  6,  i66y. 


No.  66  (1690) 

From  the   Dunn-Gardner  Catalogue 


^ 


No.   67   (1670) 
Owner,    Mr.   Robert   Hoe,   New   York 


CUPS 


113 


No.  68(1684) 


No.  69(1705) 


Porringers  at  South  Kensington  Museum 


Porringers,  for  porridge  or  soup,  were  first  made  in  the 
last  half  of  the  seventeenth  century.  They  differ  from  caudle- 
cups  in  that  the  sides  are  straight  and  not  curved.  The 
acanthus  leaf  decoration  is  often  seen  on  them.  No.  68  is 
engraved  with  Chinese  figures.  No.  69  is  a  typical  Queen 
Anne  style,  with  fluting  and  a  shield. 

"And  often  after  sunset,  sir, 
When  it  is  bright  and  fair, 
I  take  my  little  porringer, 
And  eat  my  supper  there." 

[Villiam  IVordsn'orth,  "  IVe  /Ire Seven"  {1793). 


BLACK-JACKS 

Black-jacks  were  common  all  through  the  seventeenth 
century.  They  were  made  of  leather,  and  often  with  silver 
mountings,  as  in  Nos.  70  and  7  i .  Some  were  of  moderate 
size,  others  very  large,  in  which  case  the  model  was  the  jack- 
boot, reaching  above  the  knee,  such  as  are  now  worn  by 
the  Life  Guards.  We  read  in  Heywood's  "  Philocotho- 
nista ;  or,  Drunkard  Opened,  Dissected  and  Anatomized," 
published  in  1635  :  "Small  jacks  we  have  in  many  ale- 
houses ofthecitie  and  suburbs,  lipt  with  silver:  blackjacks 
and  bombards  at  the  Court ;  which  when  the  Frenchmen 
first  saw,  they  reported  at  their  return  into  their  countrey 
that  the  Englishmen  used  to  drinke  out  of  their  bootes." 

In  the  time  of  Cromwell,  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of 
silver,  this  form  of  cup  became  quite  common. 

"  But  oh,  oh!  his  nose  doth  show 
How  oft  Black  Jack  to  his  lips  doth  go." 

"  Simon  the  Cellarer." 

At  the  present  time  we  sometimes  meet  with  jacks  made 
of  tin  japanned  black,  the  edge  being  left  bright,  in  imita- 
tion of  the  old  leather  ones  with  silver  rims. 

114 


No,  70  (1673) 

Owner,    Mr.    Robert   Hoe,    New   York 


No.    71    (1679) 
Owner,    Mr.    Robert   Hoe,    New   York 


1 16 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


No.  72  (1701) 

Owner,  Mr.  Robert  Hoe,  New  York 


In  Queen  Anne's  time  (1702-1714)  the  two-handled 
cup  stood  on  a  low,  spreading  base.  The  handles  were 
without  decoration,  and  the  body  of  the  cup  was  generally 
perfectly  plain  —  the  one  illustrated  above  being  an  excep- 
tion in  this  respect. 


CUPS 


117 


No.  73.      Cup  with  Strapwork  (1715) 

Owner,  Mr.  Robert  Hoe,  New  York 


In  George  II's  time  (1727- 1760)  more  ornamentation 
was  used  ;  and  what  is  called  the  strap  decoration,  with 
a  plain  encircling  band  around  the  middle  of  the  cup,  was 
much  employed.  The  above  illustration  is  a  typical  exam- 
ple of  this  fashion,  which  lasted  until  the  more  florid  style 
of  the  same  reign  was  introduced. 


ii8 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


'<i^*^'i^«-'^"^-^/')^ 


No.  74.     By  Paul   Lamerie  (1739) 

Owner,  the  Goldsmiths'   Company,   London 


The  silversmiths  of  George  11  "s  time,  inspired  by  their 
leader,  Paul  de  Lamerie,  produced  cups  with  fancy  handles, 
and  of  very  ornate  design,  consisting  of  masks,  flowers, 
birds,  insects,  elaborate  scrolls,  etc. 

The  illustration  (No.  74)  shows  one  of  Lamerie's  most 
important  examples. 


SILVER-GILT  TWO-HANDLED    CUP 

No.  75.      By  Paul  Lamerie  (1742) 
Owner,  Rev.  Alfred  Duane  Pell,  New  York 

In  No.  75  we  have  another  Lamerie  cup,  in  which  we  see 
two  distinct  changes.  The  handles  are  quite  different  from 
those  used  heretofore,  and  resemble  those  found  on  wine- 
coolers.  The  form  of  the  body  of  the  cup  is  more  pear- 
shaped,  a  style  first  used  in  George  H's  time  and  popular 
for  about  twenty-five  years. 


CUPS 


1 19 


At  South    Kensington    Museum 


The  prevailing  form  for  cups  in  the  early  part  of  the 
reign  of  George  III  (i  760-1 820)  seems  to  have  been  like 
the  above;  they  were  sometimes  plain,  but  more  often  had 
chased  flowers  or  scrolls,  and  large  ornamental  handles. 


120 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


'^'''(ffflPl'Wl^'''''"* ' 


No.  77  (1774) 

At  South    Kensington    Museum 


The  List  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century  produced  the 
vase-shaped  cup.  Wreaths,  medallions,  scrolls,  flutes  and 
acanthus  leaves  were  employed  in  their  decoration. 


CUPS 


121 


No.  78  (1797) 


Near  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  urn-shaped 
cup,  modeled  after  classical  designs,  became  the  ruling 
form.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  handles  are  now  more 
extended,  reaching  to  the  base — a  fashion  introduced  about 
1780,  and  lasting  well  into  the  nineteenth  century. 


SILVER-GILT  TWO-HANDLED  CUP 

No.  79  (1811) 

In  the  nineteenth  century  the  forms  of  the  eighteenth-cen- 
tury cups  have  been  reproduced,  especially  the  vase  and  urn 
shapes.  In  this  nnay  be  seen  the  grape-vine  decoration,  fre- 
quently employed  during  the  first  quarter  of  the  century. 


No.  80  (1561) 
THE  EARLIEST  HALL-MARKED  TANKARD  KNOWN 

From  the  Burlington    Fine  Arts  Catalogue 


123 


CHAPTER  IV 


TANKARDS 


ORIGINALLY  the  name  "tankard"  meant  a  vessel  for 
carrying  water,  but  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century  it  came  to  denote  an  article  that  was  principally 
utilized  for  holding  beer.  It  superseded  the  beaker,  and 
was  an  improvement  upon  that  article  in  that  the  tankard 
had  a  lid  and  a  handle.  Tankards  are  scarcely  ever  found 
except  in  beer-drinking  countries ;  that  is  why  so  many  old 
German,  Norwegian  and  English  are  in  existence. 

The  earliest  hall-marked  tankard  known  is  of  the  year 
1561  (No.  80),  and  is  made  of  bone  and  silver,  the  bone 
being  used  in  order  to  detect  any  poisonous  substance 
present  in  the  beverage.  It  was  believed  that  the  bone  or 
horn  would  become  agitated  on  coming  into  contact  with 
the  poison.  Tankards  were  also  made  of  crystal  and  silver. 
The  crystal  was  supposed  to  show  the  presence  of  poison 
by  becoming  clouded.  In  those  days  poison  was  greatly 
feared,  and  the  wealthy  were  consequently  very  cautious 
about  eating  their  food  unless  it  had  been  tested ;  and  they 

were  equally  particular  about  what  they  drank. 

125 


126 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


No.  81    (1673) 

Presented  by  Charles  II  to  Sir  Ednnundbury  Godfrey  In  recognition 
of  his  services  during  the  Plague  and  Fire  of  London 

Owner,  Mr.  J.   Pierpont  Morgan,   New  York 


Tankards,  at  first,  were  small,  holding  about  a  pint; 
they  generally  tapered  toward  the  top,  and  were  often 
chased  or  elaborately  engraved,  as  in  No.  82. 

in  looking  at  the  tankard  just  mentioned  two  encircling 
bands  will  be  observed.  These  are  "  survivals"  of  the  old 
crystal  or  bone  tankard,  on  which  they  were  necessary  in 
order  to  attach  the  handles  to  the  body.  Bands  are  often 
seen  on  tankards  of  later  date ;  frequently  only  one  band 
appears,  as  in  No.  84.  Even  at  the  present  day  tankards 
are  often  made  with  the  encircling  band,  although  it  no 


No.  82  (1591) 

Engraved   with  fruit  and  floral   scroll   work.     At  South    Kensington    Museum 


128 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


No.  83  (1681) 

With  acanthus  leaf  decoration.     Sold  at  the  Dunn-Gardner  sale 
April,  jgos.for  £344 


longer  serves  any  purpose,  as  it  generally  does  not  touch 
the  handle,  but  to  the  connoisseur  it  remains  as  a  vestige 
of  ancient  time. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  seventeenth  century  tan- 
kards were  made  much  larger,  sometimes  a  foot  in  height, 
with  the  sides  straight,  and  often  chased  with  sea  monsters, 
flowers,  fruits  and  strapwork.  During  the  Commonwealth 
(1649- 1 660)  a  new  style  was  introduced.  This  tankard 
was  low,  holding  about  a  quart;  the  handle  was  large,  and 
the  lid  flat  and  projecting  over  the  sides  (No.  8i).  There 
was  often  a  crude  sort  of  whistle  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
handle  for  summoning  the  waiter.     No.  84  has  this  feature. 


TANKARDS  129 


No.  84(1722) 

From  the  collection  of  Mr.  Heber  R.   Bishop,  New  York 


Sometimes  an  acanthus  leaf  pattern  appears  on  this  type  of 
tankard  (No.  83),  but  it  is,  as  a  rule,  without  ornament. 

A  peculiar  feature  of  some  of  the  tankards  of  this  period 
was  the  pegging  of  the  inside.  The  pegs  were  placed  at 
equal  distances,  to  determine  each  man's  portion.  The 
number  of  pegs  varied  according  to  the  size  of  the  tankard. 
The  early  English  pegged  vessels  are  supposed  to  have  been 
invented  by  St.  Dunstan  (925-988),  the  celebrated  church- 
man and  silversmith  whose  portrait  maybe  seen  on  page  3. 

Many  quarrels  arose  in  the  inns  at  this  time,  when  the 
liquor  was  served  in  one  vessel,  as  to  the  portion  each 
man  was  entitled  to  receive.  To  remedy  this  difficulty, 
St.  Dunstan  induced  King  Edgar  to  demand  that  the  drink- 
ing-vessels  should  be  pegged,  and  to  punish  each  one  that 


no  OLD  LONDON  SILVER 


No.  85  (1703) 

Chased  with  strapwork,  masks  and  fruit.     At  South  Kensington  Museum 


imbibed  more  than  his  portion.  Like  many  prohibitory 
laws,  the  opposite  result  was  obtained.  The  law  was  con- 
strued to  mean  that  if  one  drank  short  of  his  peg,  or  beyond 
it,  then  it  was  incumbent  on  him  to  drink  once  more,  and  still 
again,  if  necessary,  until  the  liquor  was  on  a  line  with  some 
peg,  or  perchance  had  disappeared.  Therefore  we  find  in 
Archbishop  Anselm's  Canons,  made  in  1 102,  that  "  priests 
were  enjoined  not  to  go  to  drinking  bouts,  nor  to  drink  to 
pegs."  The  expression,  "to  be  in  a  merry  pin,"  undoubt- 
edly originated  from  the  jovial  custom  of  drinking  beyond 
or  just  short  ot  the  peg ;  and  the  saying,  "  to  take  a  person 
a  peg  lower,"  or,  as  it  sometimes  appears,  "  to  take  one 


TANKARDS  131 


No,  86  (1781) 

down  a  peg  or  two,"  is  likewise  traceable  to  the  tankard,  for 
to  humble  a  person  is  like  diminishing  the  liquor  peg  by  peg. 

In  Hone's  "  Every  Day  Book  "  there  is  pictured  and  de- 
scribed a  peg  tankard  made  of  oak,  that  was  taken  from  the 
ancient  Abbey  of  Glastonbury.  The  writer  after  describing 
it  states  that  it  was  probably  used  ' '  before  the  Norman 
Conquest."  St.  Dunstan,  who  was  the  Abbot  of  Glaston- 
bury about  9=)0,  perhaps  had  this  tankard  made  as  a  sam- 
ple to  show  King  Edgar. 

About  the  time  ofQiieen  Anne  (1702-1 7 14)  the  tankard 
was  made  higher  than  the  one  of  the  Commonwealth 
period,  the  handle  smaller,  the  body  quite  plain  as  a  rule, 
the  lid  domed,  and  a  band  frequently  encircled  the  body 
part  (No.  84).  Tankards  of  this  period  were  not  always 
without  decoration,  as  may  be  seen  in  No.  85. 


132  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

In  ''The  History  of  Signboards"  we  are  informed  that 
silver  tankards  were  very  common  in  the  taverns  about  the 
time  of  Qrieen  Anne,  and  that  at  the  "  Bull's  Head  "  "every 
poor  mechanic  drank  in  plate."  The  tankards  varied  in 
size,  and  were  distinguished  by  different  names ;  thus  at 
the  "  Sweet  Apple"  tavern  there  were  the  "Lamb,"  the 
"Lion,"  the  "  Peacock,"  etc.  We  imagine  the  "Lamb" 
represented  a  drink  that  was  less  alcoholic  than  "  the  Lion." 
At  the  "Raven,"  in  Fetter  Lane,  each  tankard  was  named 
after  some  victory.  These  tankards  are  thus  described  in 
"Vade  Mecum  for  Maltmorms,"  published  in  Qrieen  Anne's 
time: 

"  Massy  tankards  form'd  of  silver  plate, 
That  walk  throughout  his  noted  house  in  state; 
Ever  since  Eaglesfield  in  Anna's  reign, 
To  compliment  each  fortunate  campaign. 
Made  one  be  hammer'd  out  for  every  town  was  ta'en." 

"The  History  of  Signboards"  remarks  :  "We  may  sup- 
pose each  tankard  named  after  a  victory — the  greater  the 
victory,  the  greater  the  tankard." 

On  account  of  the  large  plain  surfaces  of  many  of  the 
tankards  made  in  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  we 
frequently  find  them  engraved  with  large  monograms,  crests, 
inscriptions,  and  occasionally  with  elaborate  scenes.  No. 
89  is  copied  from  an  old  print.  It  is  an  impression  from  a 
silver  tankard,  and  was  engraved  on  the  metal  by  the  artist 
William  Hogarth  for  a  society  composed  of  artists,  who  used 
to  assemble  once  a  week  at  the  "Bull's  Head"  in  Clare 


TANKARDS 


133 


No.  87.     Chased  Tankard  (1748) 

Owner,  Mr.  Robert  Hoe,  New  YorK 


Market.  Hogarth  was  a  member  of  this  club.  We  have 
seen  in  the  Introduction  how  he  was  apprenticed  in  his 
early  life  to  a  silversmith,  and  although  he  must  have  en- 
graved much  silver,  we  do  not  know  of  any  piece  of  plate 
that  one  can  say,  with  certainty,  was  engraved  by  him,  ex- 
cept the  silvei'  tankard  here  mentioned.  This  engraving  has 
been  highly  praised. 

In  the  first  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century  a  new  form 
was  introduced ;  in  this  the  sides  are  no  longer  straight,  but 
there  is  a  swelling  out  of  the  body  near  the  foot.  See  the 
one  hall-marked  1781  (No.  85).  We  sometimes  find  tan- 
kards, made  in  the  eighteenth  century,  that  are  very  ornate 


134 


OLD  LONDON  SILVER 


No.  88.     Tankard  (1784) 


in  their  chasing,  and  with  elaborate  covers  (No.  87).  They 
resemble  the  German  tankards  of  that  period. 

In  the  last  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century  still  another 
style  was  developed.  It  was  straight  sided,  often  with  two 
sets  of  lines,  one  at  the  top  and  one  at  the  bottom,  and 
resembled  a  beer-mug  in  its  form  (No.  88). 

Many  of  the  forms  that  we  have  considered  in  this  article 
were  reproduced  in  the  nineteenth  century,  especially  the 
two  shapes  represented  in  Nos.  84  and  86. 

Tall  tankards,  very  elaborately  decorated  with  figures 
and  weighing  over  a  hundred  ounces,  have  been  made  for 
presentation  purposes  (No.  90). 


TANKARDS 


'3^ 


As  a  general  rule  the  hall-marks  on  the  early  tankards 
were  placed  to  the  right  of  the  handle  and  also  on  top  of 
the  lid.  In  the  time  of  George  II  (1727- 1760)  the  marks 
were  often  on  the  bottom  and  inside  the  lid,  and  in  the 
late  George  III  period  (1760- 1820)  they  were  seldom  found 
in  any  other  place,  a  rule  that  has  been  observed  up  to 
the  present  time. 


No.  89.     Impression  fronn  a  Silver  Tankard 

Designed  and  Engraved  by  Hogarth 


CHAPTER  V 

Bowls,  Cisterns,  Wine-coolers  and  Punch-ladles 

THE  earliest  bowls  were  known  as  mazers,  and  were  of 
wood,  with  silver  mountings  (No.  91).  In  various  col- 
lections, at  colleges  and  elsewhere,  are  examples  covering 
three  centuries.  Mr.  Cripps  in  his  "  Old  English  Plate  "  has 
an  exhaustive  chapter  on  this  subject,  with  many  illustra- 
tions, and  enumerates  over  sixty  references  to  them  in  various 
books,  wills  and  other  documents,  from  12^3  to  1S92. 

The  Monteith  Punch-bowl,  so  called  after  a  gentleman  of 
that  name  who  was  in  the  habit  of  wearing  a  scalloped  coat, 
is  peculiar  in  that  the  rim,  which  had  scallops  in  which  to 
hang  the  glasses,  was  removable,  and  could  be  taken  off 
when  the  bowl  was  in  use.  They  were  first  made  in  the 
early  Britannia  period,  and  were  usually  of  a  fluted  pattern, 
with  two  ring  handles  hanging  from  lions'  mouths.  Our 
example,  however,  though  one  of  the  earliest,  is  of  another 
pattern,  and  without  handles  (No.  92). 

Reference  to  the  illustrations  (Nos.  93,  94,  95)  will  show 
that  at  one  period  bowls  were  ornate  and  somewhat  shallow, 
but  later  became  plainer  in  pattern,  deeper  and  more  capacious. 

'37 


0  0mm^tAm^^ 


tTTrai 


No.  91    (fifteenth  century) 

At  South    Kensington    Museum 


No.  92  (1704) 

Owner,   Rev.  Alfred   Duana  Pell,   New  York 


138 


BOWLS,    CISTERNS,   ETC.  139 

No.  95  is  one  of  a  set  of  four  that  were  presented  by  the 
Prince  of  Wales  (afterwards  George  III)  to  the  Beefsteak 
Club.  They  are  engraved  with  the  royal  arms  and  "Long 
Live  the  King"  on  one  side,  and  on  the  other  with  the 
arms  of  the  club  and  "  Beef  and  Liberty." 

There  seems  to  have  been  no  limit  to  the  size  of  some 
punch-bowls,  which  were  sometimes  made  to  be  used  at 
the  celebration  incident  to  the  coming  of  age  of  the  heir  in  a 
noble  family. 

No.  96  is  called  a  punch-bowl,  but  it  is  more  like  the 
immense  oval  bowls  which  were  known  as  cisterns,  and  of 
which  notable  examples  exist,  made  from  the  time  of  Charles 
II  (1660- 1 685)  to  George  II  (1727- 1760).  The  most  im- 
portant specimen  known,  made  by  Charles  Kandler  in 
1734,  and  weighing  about  8000  ounces,  with  a  capacity  of 
sixty  gallons,  is  at  the  Winter  Palace  in  St.  Petersburg.  An 
interesting  allusion  to  these  wine-coolers  is  in  the  following 
from  Greville's  Journal : 

"August  31,  1830,  Sefton  gave  me  an  account  of  the  dinner  in  St.  George's 
Hall,  at  Windsor,  on  the  King's  birthday,  which  was  magnificent,  excellent  and 
well  served.  Bridge,  (the  silversmith,  of  Rundell  and  Bridge),  came  down  with 
the  plate,  and  was  hid  during  the  dinner  behind  the  great  wine  cooler,  which 
weighs  7000  ounces,  and  he  told  Sefton  afterward  that  the  plate  in  the  room  was 
worth  ^200,000.  There  is  another  service  of  gold  plate,  which  was  not  used  at 
all.  The  King  has  made  it  over  to  the  crown.  All  this  plate  was  ordered  by  the 
late  King,  (George  IV)  and  never  used;  his  delight  was  ordering  what  the  public 
had  to  pay  for.  " 

Another  from  Fitzgerald's  ' '  Life  and  Times  of  William  IV": 

"The  royal  plate  made  a  splendid  show  at  the  Coronation  banquet.  ...  It 
includes  a  gold  service  ordered  by  George  IV,  which  will  dine  one  hundred  and 


No.  93  (1695) 

From  the  collection   of   Mr.    Heber   R.    Bishop,    New  York 


No.   94    (1728) 
From  the  collection   of   Mr.    Heber   R.    Bishop,   New   York 


No.  95   (1752) 
From  the  collection  of  Mr.    Heber   R.   Bishop,   New  York 


140 


BOWLS,    CISTERNS,    ETC.  141 

fifty  persons,  and  one  of  the  finest  wine  coolers  in  the  world,  added  to  the  collec- 
tion by  the  same  monarch.  .  .  .   And  thirty  dozen  plates,  worth  ^10,000. " 

The  comparatively  modern  wine-cooler  for  a  single  bottle 
is  always  of  some  vase  form ;  one  of  the  best  being  the  copy 
of  the  celebrated  Warwick  Vase  (No.  97). 

The  hall-marks  on  bowls  are  usually  on  the  bottom,  but 
on  the  earlier  ones  often  on  the  side.  We  would  here  note 
a  caution  in  regard  to  bowls  with  marks  on  the  sides, 
when  the  marks  are  upside  down,  or  very  close  together, 
or  in  any  other  way  irregular.  Such  bowls  have  been  made 
over  from  other  articles,  generally  from  dish-covers,  which, 
having  gone  out  of  use,  are  being  turned  into  something 
more  salable. 

We  give  an  illustration  of  a  collection  of  punch  ladles 
(No.  98).  A  few  years  ago  they  were  quite  abundant,  and 
we  should  infer  that  at  one  time  every  household  must  have 
had  one,  but  now  they  are  rather  scarce.  They  often  have 
a  coin,  sometimes  of  gold,  set  in  the  bottom,  and  almost 
always  handles  of  whalebone  or  infrequently  of  wood. 

The  older  ones  are  usually  hall-marked,  but  in  no  partic- 
ular place,  and  in  later  examples  the  hall-mark  does  not 
always  appear. 


No.  96.     A  Silver   Punch-Bowl    Belonging  to  the   Duke  of  Rutland 

This   huge  bowl   was   made  by   Childs  in    1682,  and   was  sold  to  the  then 
Earl   of   Rutland,   in   whose  family  it  is  still   preserved 

From   "  The  Tatler  " 


No.  97  (1 833) 


142 


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No.  98.     Punch-Ladles  at  South   Kensington   Museum 


'43 


CHAPTER   VI 

Candlesticks,  Sconces  and  Candelabra 

CANDLESTICKS 

THE  date  of  the  introduction  of  the  candlestick  is  some- 
what of  a  mystery,  but  it  was  undoubtedly  first  used 
in  the  Christian  era.  The  Old  Testament  speaks  of  the 
golden  candlestick,  but  the  lights  of  that  sacred  object 
were  lamps,  and  not  candles. 

The  Romans  had  a  crude  sort  of  candle  which  resem- 
bled the  modern  torch,  but  it  was  not  until  the  third  cen- 
tury that  candles,  in  the  present  sense  of  the  word,  were 
first  used,  and  then  only  in  the  church. 

We  are  inclined  to  the  belief  that  the  institution  of  Can- 
dlemas Day  was  the  occasion,  if  indeed  it  was  not  the  cause, 
of  the  adoption  of  the  candlestick.  This  festival  was  insti- 
tuted by  Pope  Gelasius  in  the  fifth  century,  to  commem- 
orate the  presentation  of  the  child  Jesus  in  the  Temple. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  when  Simeon  beheld  the 
child  he  broke  out  in  a  song  of  thanksgiving,  in  which  he 
used  the  words,  "A  light  to  lighten  the  Gentiles,  and  the 
glory  of  thy  people  Israel."  This  text  was  the  basis  of 
Candlemas  Day,  and,  as  the  name  implies,  candles  were  an 

'4? 


146  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

important  feature  in  the  ceremony,  which  consisted  of  a 
procession  of  the  clergy,  who  blessed  and  distributed  the 
candles  that  were  to  be  used  throughout  the  year.  Hence 
the  origin  of  the  old  English  couplet : 

"On  Candlemnss  Dny 
Throw  candle  and  candlestick  away." 

The  large  number  of  candles  used  on  this  occasion  neces- 
sitated something  to  place  them  in,  and  to  this  need,  there- 
fore, we  trace  the  origin  of  the  candlestick. 

At  first  the  candlestick  was  probably  made  of  wood,  the 
word  "  candlestick"  suggesting  that  it  was  a  pointed  stick 
upon  which  the  candle  was  placed  ;  but  in  a  short  time  the 
precious  metals  were  used  to  make  both  candlesticks  and 
candelabra,  with  which  to  adorn  the  altar  and  make  the 
service  more  impressive. 

In  the  year  1548,  during  the  reign  of  Edward  VI,  the  fes- 
tival of  Candlemas  Day  was  prohibited  as  a  Popish  institu- 
tion, but  it  continued  to  be  observed  in  the  Catholic  churches. 
It  was  not  until  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century  that  can- 
dles were  in  general  use  in  England  ;  they  were  then  for 
the  first  time  made  of  tallow ;  before  that  time  they  were 
of  wax. 

Pricket  candlesticks  were  the  earliest.  The  pricket  was  a 
sharp  point  on  the  top  of  the  shaft  to  hold  the  candle,  and 
was  usually  surrounded  by  a  saucer  to  catch  the  drippings. 
These  were  probably  first  made  during  the  middle  ages,  but 


CANDLESTICKS  147 

it  was  not  until  the  twelfth  century  that  they  were  used 
on  the  altars  of  churches.  The  oldest  in  existence  is  the  re- 
nowned Gloucester  candlestick,  made 
early  in  the  twelfth  century  and  given 
to  the  Church  of  St.  Peter  at  Glouces- 
ter. This  most  ornate  piece  is  now 
in  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
having  been  purchased  in    1861   for 

/6s  I. 

Many  of  the  English  cathedrals  had 
pricket  candlesticks  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
but  in  the  sixteenth  century  they 
came  to  be  considered  "monuments 
of  superstition"  and  were  destroyed. 

It  was  probably  in  this  same  cen- 
tury that  the  next  form  appeared 
—  the  style  that  is  in  use  to-day. 
The  pricket  has  disappeared  and  in 
its  place  is  a  socket  which  holds 
the  candle. 

That  socket  candlesticks  were 
known  in  the  sixteenth  century  is  proved  by  a  painting  in 
Munich  by  Schoreal,  who  died  in  1  ^bo.  From  this  picture, 
which  is  reproduced  in  Shaw's  "  Dresses  and  Decorations," 
it  is  evident  that  the  candlesticks  were  of  some  gilt  metal,  and 
judging  from  the  appointments  of  the  room,  probably  a 


No.  99 

Gloucester  Candlestick 
Height,  23  inches 


148 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


No.  100  (about  1665) 

From  Burlington  Fine  Atts  Catalogue 


precious  metaL  No.  loo  is  one  of  the  earliest  specimens 
known  of  table  candlestick ;  it  is  a  rather  short  fluted 
column,  in  a  saucer-shaped  depression  in  a  square  base. 

The  next  form  (No.  i  o  i ),  of  the  time  of  William  111  ( 1 695- 
1702),  shows  more  decoration  in  form  and  fluting.  The 
pair  illustrated  are  from  the  famous  Dunn-Gardner  collection, 
for  many  years  loaned  to  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
and  sold  in  April,  1902. 

About  the  time  ot  Queen  Anne  (1702-17  14)  there  was 
quite  a  departure  from  the  previous  form  of  the  candlestick, 
and  the  stem  or  shaft  was  made  in  a  baluster  shape.  This 
general  form  continued  for  some  time ;   at  first  they  were 


CANDLESTICKS 


'49 


No.  101  (1698) 

made  quite  plain,  but  later  more  ornamentation  appears. 
No.  I02  is  a  good  example  of  this  style. 

After  this,  and  principally  during  the  time  of  George  11 
( 1 727-1 760),  a  heavier  and  more  massive  style  was  made. 
They  were  cast,  in  distinction  from  being  hammered,  and 
this  is  indicated  by  an  unfinished  roughness  underneath. 
The  hall-marks  are  on  the  inside  edge  of  the  base,  not  to- 
gether, but  in  separate  places,  and,  owing  to  the  rough  sur- 
face, often  difficult  to  distinguish.  Some  of  this  kind  were 
quite  plain  ;  some  had  a  simple  shell  ornament  (No.  103) ; 
others  were  more  elaborate,  with  flowers,  scrolls,  heads  of 
animals,  etc.  The  plainer  patterns  had  generally  a  square 
base,  with  rounded  corners,  while  in  those  with  much  detail 
of  ornament  the  base  was  usually  round. 

Early  in  the  reign  of  George  ill  ( 1 760- 1 820)  another  design 
was  introduced ;  it  was  taller  and  patterned  after  the  Co- 


ISO 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


No,  102  (1714) 

Owner,  Rev.  Alfred  Duane  Pell,  New  Yofk 


rinthian  column  (No.  104).  These  almost  always  had  noz- 
zles or  socket  pans  to  catch  the  melting  wax  or  tallow. 
Prior  to  George  11  nozzles  were  seldom  used.  If  found  on 
candlesticks  made  in  the  seventeenth  century,  they  have 
most  likely  been  added  at  a  later  date. 


No.  103  (1759) 


At  South  Kensington  Museum 


CANDLESTICKS 


151 


No^  104  (1772j 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  Josiah  Wedg- 
wood's designs,  ornate  with  flowers,  festoons  or  masks,  were 
adopted.     Nos.  10=)  and  106  are  of  this  period. 

At  this  time  sockets  were  made  in  the  form  ot  an  urn, 
carrying  out  the  classical  idea  then  predominant  in  all  works 


j'^^^V 


Ajl^ 


...■i.-t«tirtt.'. 


i^ 


No.  105  (1774) 

At  South  Kensington  Museurr 


1S2 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


No.   106  (1791) 

At  South  Kensington  Museum 


of  art  (No.  io6).  In  the  nineteenth  century  many  of  the 
styles  mentioned  have  been  reproduced.  Those  by  the 
celebrated  silversmith  Paul  Storr,  illustrated  in  No.  107, 
are  most  elaborate  in  detail  and  workmanship. 


No,   107  (1836) 

Owner,  Mrs.  W.  Storrs  Wells,  New  York 


CANDLESTICKS 


'53 


Small  candlesticks  for  holding  tapers  for  sealing,  and  clip 
candlesticks  for  holding  a  coiled  taper  for  the  same  purpose, 
were  made  as  early  as  the  Qiieen  Anne  period. 


No.  108  (1819) 

Hand  or  chamber  candlesticks  are  frequently  met  with. 
No.  io8  shows  a  good  example,  with  the  extinguisher  on  the 
handle  and  the  snuffers  in  an  opening  in  the  stem.  It  is 
seldom  that  they  are  found  complete,  as  the  snuffers  have 
generally  been  lost.  Many  chamber  candlesticks  can  be 
found  of  the  time-  of  George  III  and  a  few  exist  of  the  time 
of  William  111. 

The  old  custom  of  auction  sale  "by  inch  of  candle"  is 
interesting.  A  small  piece  of  candle  was  lighted  and  allowed 
to  burn  itself  out,  and  the  last  bidder  before  the  flame  ex- 
pired was  the  successful  purchaser.  For  this  purpose  spe- 
cial candle-holders  have  been  made  of  silver.     The  custom 


154  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

is  of  medieval  origin,  and  was  common  in  EngLmd  and 
Scotland  for  many  years.  About  twenty-five  years  ago  it 
was  still  practised  in  some  towns  north  of  the  Tweed.  For 
over  five  hundred  years  sales  "by  inch  of  candle"  were 
held  in  the  city  of  Bremen  on  every  Friday  afternoon.  In 
the  year  1883  the  municipal  authorities  of  that  city  abolished 
the  custom. 

In  Townsend's  "  Manual  of  Dates  "  the  interesting  infor- 
mation is  given  that  "in  excommunication  by  inch  of  can- 
dle, the  sentence  was  not  passed  upon  the  offender  if  he 
repented  before  the  candle  burnt  out." 

We  do  not  know  when 

"The  butcher,  the  baker,  the  candlestick-maker," 

was  written,  but  it  is  evident,  from  the  connection,  that  the 
last-mentioned  was  one  of  the  important  members  of  the 
community ;  in  fact,  there  have  been  many  English  silver- 
smiths who  never  made  anything  but  candlesticks. 

Silver  sconces  are  quite  rare.  Good  examples,  made  in 
1685,  can  be  seen  at  Lord  Sackville's  historical  mansion, 
Knole,  at  Seven  Oaks,  in  a  room  entirely  furnished  with 
silver. 


No.   109  (about  1690) 

Sconce  at  South    Kensington    Museum 


155 


1^6 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


No  110    1754) 

Owner,    Mr.   Robert  Hoe,   New   York 


CANDELABRA 


The  ancient  Romans  had  candelabra,  but  when  in  Latin 
writers  we  meet  with  the  word  candelabrum,  we  must  un- 
derstand it,  in  most  cases,  to  mean  a  support  for  a  lamp  or 
lamps.  The  candelabra  were  made  of  different  materials, 
including  the  precious  metals.  Most  of  those  that  have 
been  excavated,  and  that  we  find  in  museums,  are  of  bronze. 
They  are  from  twelve  inches  to  ten  feet  in  height,  and  gen- 
erally of  the  same  form  —  the  base  composed  of  three  spread- 
ing feet,  usually  those  of  some  animal,  the  shaft  fluted,  and 
the  lamps  suspended  from  or  placed  upon  the  arms.  On 
the  top  of  the  shaft  there  was  sometimes  a  statuette.  Those 
found  at  Pompeii  do  not  all  follow  this  form,  but  are  of 
varied  designs. 


CANDELABRA  157 

In  1869  some  German  soldiers,  while  near  the  city  of 
Hildesheim  in  Hanover,  found  parts  of  a  Roman  silver  can- 
delabrum. It  was  probably  made  in  the  first  century,  per- 
haps earlier,  and  is  now  in  the  museum  at  Berlin.  The 
early  church  possessed  many  candelabra  patterned  after  the 
Roman  form,  but  few,  if  any,  examples  exist.  Silver  can- 
delabra made  prior  to  George  111  are  rare.  No.  no  dates 
from  the  previous  reign. 

The  uprights  of  most  candelabra  are  simply  large  candle- 
sticks, which  can  be  used  separately,  when  desired. 

The  nineteenth  century  has  produced  many  very  elabo- 
rate specimens,  sometimes  consisting  of  one  centre  and  two 
end  pieces  ;  and,  where  the  detail  and  workmanship  are 
elaborate,  they  are  often  heavily  gilded,  as  in  No.  i  1 1.  It 
is  a  decided  advantage  to  have  such  important  pieces  gilded, 
as  the  gold  does  not  tarnish  like  silver. 

The  finest  pair  of  candelabra  we  have  ever  seen  are  shown 
in  the  following  illustration  (No.  112).  The  proportions  are 
perfect ;  the  width  of  the  branches  is  just  twice,  and  the 
total  height  just  three  times  the  width  of  the  base;  the 
distance  from  the  lower  part  of  the  branches  to  the  table 
is  also  just  twice  the  width  of  the  base.  They  are  very 
massive,  of  remarkable  workmanship  and  are  heavily 
gilded. 

The  hall-marks  on  the  early  candelabra  and  candlesticks 
were  usually  underneath,  but  from  the  time  of  George  111 


1^8 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


they  have  been  put  on  the  outside  edge  of  the  base,  except 
when,  in  making,  the  metal  has  been  cast;  then  the  marks 


are  on  the  inside  edge. 


No.  Ill  (1865) 

Owner,  Mr.  P.  A.  B.  Widener,  Ashbourne,  Pa. 


SILVER-GILT  CANDELABRUM 

No.  112  (1847) 

Height,  42  inches.     Weight,  1700  ounces 
Owner,  Mrs.  W.  D.  Sloane,  New  York 


CHAPTER  VII 

Kettles,  Urns,  Coffee-pots,  Jugs,  Tea-pots,  Creamers,  Sugar  Basins 

and  Baskets,  Tea-caddies 

BEFORE  considering  the  dilTerent  articles  that  go  to 
make  up  a  service,  it  is  well  to  say  a  few  words  about 
the  introduction  of  tea  itself.  In  determining  the  genuine- 
ness of  a  seventeenth-century  silver  article  that  is  used  in 
serving  tea,  one  must  be  careful  that  it  post-dates  the  intro- 
duction of  tea  into  England. 

Tea  was  brought  to  England  about  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century  and  was  used  at  first  for  medicinal  pur- 
poses. In  the  year  16^8  it  was  advertised  as  being  for  sale 
at  a  certain  coffee-house.  Pepys  in  his  diary  of  the  year 
1 660  speaks  of  drinking  a  cup  of  tea,  and  adds  that  it  was  for 
the  first  time.  It  was  in  this  year  that  a  tax  was  imposed 
on  it.  In  1684  the  East  India  Company,  in  ordering  some 
tea,  writes:  "  Thea  is  grown  to  be  a  commodity  here."  By 
the  end  of  the  century  it  was  imported  in  large  quantities 
and  the  price  had  fallen  from  ^^lo  to  16-  a  pound.  When 
Queen  Anne  ( 1 702-1 7  1 4)  ascended  the  throne,  tea  was  freely 
consumed  by  the  well-to-dc  '^sses,  and  silver  tea  articles 
were  every  year  being  made  in  larger  quantities. 


l=iO 


KETTLES 

The  Anglo-Saxon  kettle  (cytel)  was  very  different  from  the 
modern  one.  It  was  more  like  the  three-legged  pots  in 
which  gypsies  cook  their  food. 

Some  silver  kettles  were  made  in  Qiieen  Anne's  time,  but 
they  did  not  come  into  general  use  until  the  two  succeeding 
reigns.  At  first  they  were  without  ornamentation  and  were 
octagonal  or  globular  in  form.  No.  113  is  of  the  latter 
description,  though  of  later  date  than  the  period  we  are 
considering. 

As  the  eighteenth  century  advanced  they  became  more 

ornamental  and  were  made  in  several  forms.     Examples 

Nos.  114  and   113  are  styles  of  the  latter  eighteenth  and 

early  nineteenth  centuries,  and  might  be  called  pear  shape 

and  reversed  pear  shape.     The  stands  are  generally  with 

three  legs  and  often  elaborately  pierced  and  chased.     The 

stand  holds  a  lamp.     These  lamps,  when  removable,  should 

have  the  same  hall-marks  as  the  kettles.     When  the  mark 

on  the  lamp  is  of  a  later  date,  it  indicates  that  the  original 

lamp  has  been  lost  and  replaced. 

In  addition  to  the  stands,  there  were  sometimes  three- 

160 


No.  113  (1733) 


No.  114  (1757) 

101 


r62  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

cornered  trays,  especially  for  the  larger  kettles — a  wise  pre- 
caution, as  the  spirit-lamp  often  boiled  over,  and  the 
burning  alcohol  was  caught  in  the  tray  instead  of  spreading 
on  the  table. 

The  marks  on  the  early  kettles  are  found  generally  at  the 
right  of  the  handle,  but  for  over  a  hundred  years  have  been 
placed  on  the  bottom  in  this  order : 

Lion  Leopard 

Maker 
Date       Sovereign's  Head 
The  stand  should  also  be  hall-marked  on  the  side  when 
the  lamp  is  removable  ;  but,  when  the  lamp  is  fixed,  on  the 
bottom  of  the  lamp  only. 


No.  115(1783 


URNS 

The  increasing  consumption  of  tea  after  lyso  brought  into 
use  a  larger  article  than  the  tea-pot,  and  the  classical  ideas 
then  prevalent  suggested  the  shape  and  gave  it  the  name  of 
urn. 

Cowper,  in  "The  Task,"  published  in  1785,  writes  : 

"Now  stir  the  tire,  and  close  the  shutters  fast, 
Let  fall  the  curtains,  wheel  the  sofa  round, 
And  while  the  bubbling  and  loud  hissing  urn 
Throws  up  a  steamy  column,  and  the  cups 
That  cheer  but  not  inebriate,  wait  on  each, 
So  let  us  welcome  peaceful  evening  in." 

Fifty  years  later,  we  read  in  the  "  World  of  Fashion"  for 
January,  183^  : 

"John's  wife  and  John  were  tete-a-tete. 
She  witty  was,  industrious  he. 
Says  John,  I've  earned  the  bread  we've  ate, 
And.  1,  said  she,  have  urn'd  the  tea." 

Urns  were  almost  always  made  in  the  form  of  a  vase,  and 

both  with  and  without  handles.     They  were  generally  plain, 

but  were  sometimes  engraved  and  decorated  with  festoons 

and  medallions.     Some  were    heated  with  a  lamp,  while 

others  had  a  receptacle  in  the  centre  to  hold  a  hot  iron. 

The  hall-marks  were  placed  on  the  bottom. 

.63 


COFFEE-POTS 

Coffee  was  brought  into  England  in  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  soon  after  its  introduction  the 
famous  coffee-houses  came  into  existence.  They  so  in- 
creased in  number  and  popularity  that  in  1675  Charles  II 
(1660-1685)  tried  to  suppress  them  "  as  being  resorts  of 
political  agitators."  He  was,  however,  unsuccessful,  and 
for  over  a  hundred  years  these  coffee-houses  were  the  clubs 
of  England. 

As  soon  as  a  beverage  comes  into  general  favor,  the  silver- 
smith produces  a  vessel  in  which  it  may  be  luxuriously 
served ;  therefore  one  need  not  be  surprised  to  find  that 
there  is  in  a  castle  in  Wales  a  coffee-pot  of  the  time  of 
Charles  II.  The  early  coffees  were  tall,  straight-sided, 
usually  plain  and  frequently  of  hexagonal  form,  with  domed 
covers.  Most  of  the  coffee-pots  of  the  last  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century  and  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth 
have  the  spout  at  right  angles  to  the  handle  (No.  116).  In 
the  late  George  I  period  (17 14-1727)  the  spout  appeared  op- 
posite the  handle,  and  from  that  time  it  has  almost  always 

been  in  that  position.     In  the  reign  of  George  11  (1727- 

164 


No.  116  (1717) 

From  the  collection  of  Mr.  Heber  R.  Bishop, 
New  York 


No.  117  (1765) 


No.  118  ri759) 

At  South  Kensington  Museum 
165 


i66  OLD  LONDON    SILVER 

1760)  the  form  of  the  coffee  changed.  From  that  time 
it  stood  on  a  base  with  the  lower  part  of  the  body  slightly 
bulged.  No.  117  is  of  this  description,  although  made 
in  George  ill's  time  (1760-1820).  As  time  went  on  it 
became  more  shaped  and  decorative,  as  in  No.  1 18.  Some- 
times they  are  vase  shaped,  as  the  one  hall-marked  17S9 
(No.  120).  During  the  late  eighteenth  century  and  for 
some  time  after,  the  oval  form  predominated,  like  the  one 
hall-marked  1804  (No.  121).  Coffee-pots  seldom  have 
straight  spouts  (No.  1 19)  but  generally  curved  ;  the  handles 
are  almost  always  of  ebony,  but  sometimes  of  ivory. 

For  the  last  one  hundred  and  fifty  years,  the  marks  are  on 
the  bottom  when  the  coffee-pot  is  made  of  one  piece  of 
silver ;  but  it  made  of  two  pieces  (in  which  case  the  bottom 
is  said  to  be  "let  in"),  the  Goldsmiths'  Hall  places  the 
marks  to  the  right  of  the  handle.  This  rule  does  not  apply 
to  coffee-pots  made  before  1 750,  as  there  was  apparently  no 
rule  then  as  to  the  position  of  the  marks. 


No.  119  (1770) 


No.  120  (1789) 


No.  121   (1804) 


167 


JUGS 

Ordinary  German  stoneware  jugs,  often  called  tiger  jugs 
from  their  resemblance  to  a  tiger's  skin,  were  frequently 

mounted  with  an  elaborate  neck  and 
cover,  and  sometimes  with  a  foot, 
by  the  English  silversmiths  of  the 
sixteenth  century.  They  were  used 
for  hot  spiced  drinks,  and  preceded 
the  tankard.  Good  examples  exist 
in  many  collections,  and,  when  of- 
fered for  sale,  bring  high  prices. 
There  were  four  in  the  Dunn-Gardner 
sale  that  sold  for  from  ;^i6o  to  ;^28o 
each.  The  famous  West  Mailing 
jug  is  of  stoneware,  with  splashings 
of  purple,  orange,  green  and  other 
colors,  and,  in  addition  to  the  other 
mountings,  has  four  richly  chased 
vertical  straps  with  a  female  figure  at  the  top  of  each.  This 
jug  was  sold  at  Christie's  in  March,  1903,  for  /1450,  a 

record  price. 

168 


No.  122  (1576) 
At  South  Kensington  Museum 


JUGS  169 

Silver  jugs  for  hot  water  are  more  recent.     One  of  the 
time  of  George  I  is  known,  but  they  were  not  common 


No.  123(1771)  No.  124(1773)  No.  125(1773) 

until  about  1770  (Nos.  123,  124,  12s).  They  are  more 
frequently  chased  than  plain,  and  are  almost  always  shaped, 
even  the  earliest.  Jugs  are  generally  without  feet  and  the 
handles  are  of  ebony,  silver  covered  with  wicker,  or  of  silver 
alone.  In  the  last  case  the  handle  is  insulated  from  the 
body  by  two  ivory  knobs. 

What  was  said  about  the  hall-marking  of  coffee-pots 
applies  also  to  jugs. 


TEA-POTS 

Silver  tea-pots  were  made  soon  after  the  introduction  of 
tea  into  England,  and  some  are  extant  of  the  time  of 
Charles  11.  The  early  ones  were  often  hexagonal  in  form, 
small,  low  and  frequently  chased  with  Chinese  decorations. 
As  a  rule  the  tea-pots  that  were  made  previous  to  1750 
were  globular  in  form  and  plain  (No.  126).  In  f^ict  the 
majority  of  antique  tea-pots  are  without  chasing,  as  are 
many  of  nineteenth-century  manuf^icture. 

The  bell-shaped  tea-pot  was  first  made  in  Queen  Anne's 
time  and  has  never  gone  out  of  style  (No.  127). 

In  the  late  eighteenth  century  many  different  shapes  were 
employed,  the  oval  form  predominating.  No.  128  is  of 
this  type;  this  tea-pot  has  the  tray  to  match,  as  was  often 
the  case  with  the  oval  style.  Sometimes  tea-pots  had 
straight  spouts  such  as  we  see  in  No.  128,  but  generally 
speaking  they  have  been  curved.  In  No.  130  we  see  a 
melon-shaped  pot,  a  form  that  has  always  been  popular. 
This  was  made  by  the  celebrated  silversmith  Paul  Storr, 
who  was  also  the  maker  of  the  elaborate  service  No.  129. 


No.  127  (1785) 


No,  129  (1821) 


172 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


The  hall-marks  of  the  early  tea-pots  are  usually  found  on 
the  bottom,  but  not  always.  For  the  past  hundred  and 
fifty  years  the  marks  have  almost  without  exception  ap- 
peared on  the  bottom. 


No.  130  (1831) 

Owner,  Mrs.  W,  Storrs  Wells,  New  York 


CREAMERS 

The  dainty  and  graceful  little  cream-jug,  so  necessary  to 
the  tea-table,  was  first  made  about  the  time  of  Queen  Anne. 
It  was  generally  plain,  round,  without  feet,  and  low.  In  the 
time  of  George  11  the  creamer  is  found  with  a  base ;  later 
on  it  has  three  feet  (No.  132),  but  the  base  continues  to  be 
found  in  most  cases  (Nos.  131,  133,  134,  135).  The  one 
dated  1793  (No.  135)  is  called  a  helmet  creamer,  from  its 
resemblance  to  a  helmet  when  turned  upside  down ;  this 
type  was  introduced  in  the  time  of  George  111.  The  oval 
forms  of  the  early  nineteenth  century  are  known  as  "  squat 
creamers  "  (Nos.  136,  137). 

The  hall-marks  appear  on  the  bottom,  the  side,  and  the 
front;  in  fact  there  seems  to  be  no  rule  for  their  position. 


'75 


No.  134  (1793) 


No.  135  (1793) 


No.  136(1803) 


No.  137  (1817) 


'74 


SUGAR-BASINS 


175 


•  utettJtJ- 


-.a.frtlS'f/illl" 


No.  138(1781) 

At  South  Kensington  Museum 


Sugar-basins  were  made  to  match  the  creamers,  but 
are  now  seldom  met  with.  Sugar-baskets  of  openwork 
with  glass  linings  (No.  1 39)  are  also  scarce,  but  are  desir- 
able if  of  good  pattern  and  in  good  condition.  The  hall- 
marks are  on  the  bottom  or  in  the  piercing. 


No.  139(1774) 

At  South  Kensington  Museum 


No.   140  (1755) 

From  the  collection  of  Mr.  Heber  R.  Bishop,  New  York 

TEA-CADDIES 

The  earliest  caddies  were  generally  plain,  and  rectangular 
or  octagonal  in  shape ;  they  were  filled  by  removing  the 
bottom,  which  was  made  to  slide  in  grooves.  All  through 
the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  tea-caddies  were  made,  and  by  the 
time  of  George  II  they  were  quite  common. 

They  were  often  in  pairs,  to  hold  two  kinds  of  tea,  with  a 
covered  sugar-bowl  to  match  (No.  140).  Such  sets  of  three 
were  usually  kept  in  shagreen  (shark-skin)  cases. 

The  marks  on  the  early  caddies  are  found  in  different 

places,  but  where  the  bottom  slid  out  it  was  customary  to 

put  the  marks  on  the  side  and  also  on  the  bottom.     For 

some  years  the  rule  at  the  Goldsmiths'  Hall  has  been  to  put 

the  marks  on  the  side  if  the  article  is  made  of  two  or  more 

pieces  of  silver ;   but  should  a  caddy  be  made  from  one 

piece,  the  Hall  will  mark  the  article  in  whatever  place  the 

maker  has  put  his  mark. 

176 


CHAPTER  VIII 
SALVERS 

UNDER  this  heading  come  trays  and  waiters.  Trays 
are  of  various  forms  and  without  handles.  A  waiter 
is  generally  oval  and  has  handles  at  the  ends.  Before  forks 
were  introduced,  the  salver  was  often  used  to  hold  the  ewer, 
but  by  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  it  was  seldom 
employed  for  that  purpose,  but  was  useful  in  another  way, 
namely,  to  hold  the  tea  or  coffee  services,  as  well  as  other 
articles  of  plate  passed  to  the  guests  at  table. 

In  Queen  Anne's  time(i  702-171 4)  we  find  plain  salvers  with 
shaped  edges  and  on  three  or  four  feet.  Some  of  the  round 
trays  of  the  time  of  George  II  (1727- 1760)  and  George  III 
(1760-1820)  are  often  called  ''Chippendale"  because  of  their 
resemblance  to  the  tops  of  the  round  tables  of  that  famous 
furniture-maker  (No.  141).  While  most  of  the  eighteenth- 
century  salvers  are  round,  some  with  and  some  without  feet, 
others  are  square,  oblong,  oval  and  shaped,  and  often  flat, 
chased  or  engraved.  Beaded  borders  are  ot  the  time  of 
George  III,  and  the  gadroon  border,  with  and  without  shells, 

dates  from  the  same  period  (No.  142),  as  do  the  openwork  or 

177 


No.   141   (  1743) 


SALVERS  179 

pierced  borders,  which  were  sometimes  very  elaborate  (No. 
143).  Towards  the  end  of  the  century,  more  oval  salvers 
were  made,  the  smaller  without  and  the  larger  with  handles. 
The  very  large  oval  salvers  with  handles  were  used  to  hold 
tea  and  coffee  services,  although  they  were  principally  em- 
ployed to  decorate  the  sideboard  (No.  144). 

The  connoisseur  in  his  search  for  antique  silver  will  meet 
with  many  six-inch  trays  of  eighteenth-century  manufacture. 
At  the  present  time  such  small  salvers  are  used  for  cards, 
but  the  question  has  arisen  as  to  what  was  their  use  in  the 
eighteenth  century.  We  are  inclined  to  the  belief  that  they 
were  used  to  hold  tankards,  jugs  and  other  articles  which 
were  apt  to  spill  the  beverage  in  serving.  In  support  of  this 
theory  we  quote  from  Dean  Swift's  "Directions  to  Servants," 
published  after  his  death  (1745): 

"Gather  the  drippings  and  leavings  out  of  the  several  cups  and  glasses  and 
salvers  into  one." 

We  have  already  spoken  of  three-cornered  kettle  trays  and 
oval  tea-pot  trays  in  the  chapter  on  kettles  and  tea-pots. 

Some  of  the  Qiieen  Anne  salvers  have  the  hall-marks  on 
the  top,  but  for  over  a  hundred  and  seventy-five  years 
they  have,  in  most  cases,  been  placed  on  the  bottom.  In 
the  manufacture  of  the  salver,  when  the  border  is  made 
separately  and  then  attached,  it  also  should  be  hall-marked. 


No.    144  (1 


1 80 


CHAPTER  IX 
Cake-baskets  and  Epergnes 

CAKE-BASKETS 

IN  the  time  of  George  II  (1727- 1760)  oval  pierced  baskets 
with  handles  were  introduced.  They  were  originally 
bread-baskets,  which  accounts  for  the  wheat-sheaves  often 
seen  in  their  decoration.  They  are  now  used  for  fruit  or 
cake,  and  for  some  years  have  been  called  cake-baskets. 
Those  of  the  early  George  II  period  were  rather  low,  fre- 
quently pierced  and  quite  heavy.  Later  they  were  lighter  and 
pierced  like  No.  145.  By  the  time  of  George  III  (i  760-1 820) 
the  baskets  were  very  elaborately  pierced  and  chased,  and 
the  stand  was  made  to  rest  on  four  feet.  No.  146  repre- 
sents one  of  this  description.  Paul  Lamerie  produced  some 
very  fine  pierced  baskets,  which  were  decorated  with  flow- 
ers, birds,  insects,  etc.,  in  his  peculiar  style. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  there  was  not 
so  much  piercing  used,  but  the  baskets  were  still  oval  shape, 
sometimes  very  plain,  and  at  other  times  engraved.  They 
were  without  feet,  and  had  stands  like  the  early  ones.  In 
the  early  nineteenth  century  the  oval  shape  was  often  aban- 
doned, and  the  oblong  or  round  form  became  popular  (No. 

181 


No.  145  (1753) 


No,   146  (1764) 


182 


CAKE-BASKETS 


183 


147).  Baskets  of  the  latter  description  were  often  elabo- 
rately chased.  The  George  111  type  represented  in  No.  146 
is  considered  the  most  graceful  and  desirable  basket  that  has 
ever  been  made.  We  have  seen  a  basket  of  this  period 
with  an  ornamental  pierced  separation  like  a  fence  across  the 
centre,  one  side  marked  "  Fresh  "  and  the  other  "  Stale,"  to 
indicate  the  place  for  each  kind  of  bread. 

Cake-baskets  prior  to  George  111  are  almost  always  marked 
on  the  bottom,  but  since  that  time  the  marks  of  the  pierced 
baskets  are,  as  a  rule,  inside,  on  the  piercing  and  near  the 
handle.  The  handles  are  seldom  marked,  but  occasionally 
the  lion  appears  on  them.  The  baskets  without  piercing, 
which  were  made  in  the  late  George  111  period,  are  marked 
either  inside  and  opposite  the  handle,  or  underneath  on  the 
curvature  of  the  body. 


No.  147  (1841) 


No.  148  (about  1750) 

Owner,  His  Majesty  Edward  VII 

EPERGNES 


The  early  eighteenth  century  produced  the  epergne,  which 
is  a  large  centrepiece  for  a  dinner-table.  At  first  they 
were  rather  low,  and  contained  besides  a  centre  dish  for 
fruit  or  flowers,  small  dishes  for  bonbons ;  some  of  more 
importance  were  furnished  with  candlesticks  and  casters. 
In  the  time  of  George  II  they  were  higher  and  mounted  on 
elaborate  stands  (No.  148). 


1 84 


EPERGNES 


185 


No.  149  (1767) 

Owner,  Mr,  Marsden  J.   Perry,  Providence,  R.   I. 


In  the  second  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  form  and 
ornamentation  of  the  epergne  changed  very  much.  It  was 
not  as  massive  and  heavy  as  the  earlier  ones,  but  light  and 
v^ith  fancy  piercing  (No.  149).  The  candlesticks  and  casters  are 
no  longer  seen ;  the  article  now  consisting  of  one  centre  dish 
and  a  number  of  little  hanging  baskets,  and  small  dishes 
on  stands,  which  can  be  removed  at  pleasure  for  serving 
bonbons. 

An  epergne  in  the  form  of  a  Chinese  pagoda  was  often 
made  in  the  eighteenth  century. 

in  the  nineteenth  century  the  epergnes  were  high  and  often 
consisted  of  a  number  of  glass  dishes  of  different  sizes,  which 


i86  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

were  detachable  for  serving  purposes.  Frequently  epergnes 
were  merely  ornamental  and  consisted  of  a  group  of  figures. 
Another  style  was  a  large  vase,  very  richly  decorated,  some- 
times pierced  and  with  a  glass  lining  for  holding  flowers. 

Each  separate  piece  of  an  epergne  should  be  Hall-marked 
following  the  rules  that  apply  to  the  separate  articles. 


SILVER-GILT   EPERGNE  WITH    EIGHT 
HANGING  BASKETS 

No.    150  (1768) 


HDi^   MTiw   ^M0?13q3  TJI0-F13VJI8 


^tld\iy   C.-.1    .oV: 


CHAPTER   X 

Cruets  Muftnieers  and  Wine-funnels 

CRUETS 

CRUET-stands  are  known  of  the  time  of  Queen  Anne 
( 1 702- 1 7 1 4) ,  but  the  most  important  were  made  from 
thirty  to  fifty  years  later.  Some  were  quite  small  with 
two  or  three  bottles  ;  others  were  of  great  size  with  a  double 
set  of  ten  or  twelve  bottles. 

What  was  evidently  the  most  popular  pattern  is  known  as 
the  "  Warwick  frame "  (No.  151).  It  held  an  all  silver 
muffineer,  pepper  and  salt,  and  two  glass  bottles  with  silver 
tops,  for  oil  and  vinegar.  There  are  two  rings  in  the  frame 
in  which  to  put  the  tops  of  the  bottles  when  in  use.  The 
three  pieces,  muffineer,  pepper  and  salt,  usually  called 
"  casters,"  are  often  found  separate  from  the  frames  to 
which  they  originally  belonged,  and  as  a  rule  are  very 
desirable.  The  piercing  of  some  of  the  round  cruet-frames 
made  from  1770  to  1780  is  most  elaborate — more  like  lace 
than  metal  work.     No.  152  is  of  this  description. 

The  marks  are  almost  always  on  the  bottom,  and  the 

separate  pieces  should  be  marked  also. 

187 


No.  151  (1747) 


No.  152  (1775) 


iS8 


No.   153  (1712) 

Made  by  David  Willaume 
From  the  collection  of  Mr.  Heber  R.  Bishop,  New  York 


!-^  t:-^^ 


No.   154  (1740) 

Made  by  Paul  Lamerie 
Owner,  Mr.  Robert  Hoe,  New  York 


MUFFINEERS  AND  WINE-FUNNELS 

The  name  of  muffineers  is  usually  given  to  the  sets  of 
three  casters,  which  were  made  for  sugar,  pepper  and  salt. 
It  seems  quite  likely  that  most  of  these  sets  were  originally 
in  Warwick  frames,  and  the  two  glass  bottles  have  been 
broken  and  the  frames  destroyed,  while  the  muffineers  re- 
main (Nos.  155,  158). 

Nos.  I  S3  and  1^4  are  fine  specimens  by  celebrated 
makers. 

Single  pepper-pots  or  casters  (Nos.  156,  157)  of  various 
sizes  date  from  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century 
and  were  sometimes  made  in  pairs.  The  hall-marks  are 
almost  always  on  the  bottom,  but  on  the  larger  and  earlier 
muffineers  are  sometimes  on  the  side  near  the  top  of  the 
lower  section. 

Wine-funnels  with  a  strainer  (No.  159)  were  used  to  fill 
the  decanters.  Sometimes,  but  not  often,  they  were  on  a 
small  round  tray  (No.  160).  The  hall-marks  on  these  are 
generally  placed  on  the  side. 


100 


No.  156  (1791) 


No.  157  (1811) 


No.  155  (1735) 


No.  158  (1756) 


No.  159  (181 


No.  160  (1787) 


191 


CHAPTER   XI 


Meat-dishes,  Plates,  Sauce-boats,  Coasters,  Butter-dishes,  Mustards, 

Braziers,  Dish-crosses 


No.  161  (I745j 

Made  by  Paul  Lamerte 
Owner,  Rev.  Alfred  Duane  Pell,  New   York 

MEAT-DISHES  AND   DINNER-PLATES 

THERE  were  gold  and  silver  plates  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
but  it  was  late  in  the  seventeenth  century  before  meat- 
dishes  and  dinner-plates  were  used  to  any  extent.  The 
earliest  were  made  with  a  simple  gadroon  border,  a  style 
which  seems  to  have  prevailed  all  through  the  eighteenth 
century.  The  example  No.  i5i  is  quite  a  departure  from 
the  usual  oval  shape.     Early  in  the  nineteenth  century  orna- 

19-> 


194  OLD   LONDON   SILVER 

mentation  became  more  elaborate.  Shells  were  combined 
with  the  gadroon  border,  and  scrolls  and  other  ornaments 
were  in  favor.  Large  quantities  of  soup-  and  dinner-plates 
were  made  in  the  first  half  of  the  last  century,  many  dozens 
often  belonging  to  a  single  person,  with  meat-dishes,  tureens, 
entree-dishes,  vegetable-dishes,  and  sauce-boats  to  match. 

The  hall-marks  on  plates  are  usually  on  the  under  side  of 
the  flat  border. 


SAUCE-BOATS 

A  Queen  Anne  (1702-17 14)  sauce-boat  is  a  very  rare 
article,  for  it  was  probably  during  her  reign  that  they  were 
first  made.  In  the  reign  of  George  1  (17 14-1727)  more 
were  produced,  and  by  the  late  George  II  period  (1727- 
1760)  they  had  become  quite  common.  Some  of  the  early 
ones  had  two  handles  to  facilitate  the  passing,  and  they  also 
had  a  lip  at  each  side  so  that  the  server  could  pour  to  the 
right  or  the  left.  Few  of  these  double  sauce-boats  were 
made.  In  the  time  of  George  II  and  the  early  years  of  the 
reign  of  George  III  ( 1 760- 1 820)  they  were  almost  always  with 
one  handle.  Little  or  no  chasing  appears  on  them  (No. 
163).  As  a  rule  they  were  on  three  ball-and-claw  feet,  and 
often  had  lion's  heads  appearing  above  each  foot  (No.  162). 
It  will  be  observed  that  the  handle  is  joined  only  at  one  end. 
In  the  later  ones  the  handle  is  frequently  joined  at  both  ends. 
By  looking  at  Nos:  164  and  165  this  feature  of  the  George 
III  sauce-boat  is  now  seen  ;  also,  that  the  three  feet  are  now 
superseded  by  a  base.  The  various  forms  referred  to  above 
have  been  reproduced  year  after  year,  with  no  change  or 
improvement. 

The  hall-marks  appear  in  most  cases  on  the  bottom. 

•95 


No.   165  (1775 


196 


COASTERS,    OR  BOTTLE-STANDS        197 


166(1785) 


No.    167  (1814) 


No.  168(1810) 


Many  coasters,  or  bottle-stands,  were  made  in  the  time 
of  George  III,  and  a  few  belong  to  a  still  earlier  date.  The 
earliest  are  of  light  pierced  work  (No.  166) ;  later  they  were 
fluted  (No.  167),  and  also  of  openwork,  with  grapes  and 
leaves  (No.  168) ;  the  latter  was  a  favorite  pattern,  as  being 
appropriate  to  the  wine  decanter  which  it  held.  The  bot- 
toms are  usually  of  wood,  but  sometimes  of  silver.  They 
came  in  pairs,  and  in  sets  of  four,  six  and  eight.  In  the 
Demidoff  sale  in  1 88 1  there  was  a  fine  massive  set  of  eight, 
which  had  wheels  underneath  to  pass  around  the  table;  in 
fact,  the  coaster  pi'oper  should  be  on  wheels.  One  very  fine 
one,  made  about  fifty  years  ago  for  an  English  bishop,  had 
three  ruby  glass  decanters  in  a  row,  with  gilded  silver 
grapevine  mountings  in  stands  like  No.  168,  all  on  wheels 
like  a  wagon.  The  hall-marks  are  in  most  cases  on  the 
lower  front  edge,  and  sometimes,  when  pierced,  in  the 
piercing. 


198 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


Butter-dishes  are  comparatively  modern.     No.  169  rep- 
resents the  usual  pattern. 


No,  169  (1831) 


Mustard-pots  were  often  made  in  pierced  openwork  with 
a  blue  glass  lining  to  correspond  with  the  salts  of  the  early 
George  III  period.  Those  represented  below  are  of  a  later 
date  (Nos.  170,  171). 


No.   170  (1789) 


No.   171  (1795) 


BRAZIERS  AND  DISH-CROSSES 


199 


';r^:>f;y:;r^rJM^ 


'^imm^^ 


.^fi 


No.   172  (1716) 

Braziers  and  dish-crosses  were  the  predecessors  of  the 
chafing-dish.  Silver  braziers  were  first  made  about  the 
time  of  Queen  Anne,  and  before  lamps  came  into  use  they 
held  hot  coals,  with  a  receptacle  at  the  bottom  to  receive 
the  ashes  (No.  172). 

The  hall-marks  are  on  the  bottom. 


No.  173  (1756) 

Dish-crosses,  introduced  in  the  time  of  George  II,  are 
made  with  the  bars  to  turn  around  the  lamp,  and  the 
holders  to  slide  on  the  bars,  so  they  can  be  adapted  to  hold 
dishes  of  different  sizes,  either  round  or  oval  (No.  173). 

The  hall-marks  are  on  the  bottom  of  the  bars,  each  bar 
having  at  least  one  mark  on  it.  If  the  lamp  is  removable, 
it  also  should  be  marked. 


CHAPTER  XII 

FRAUDS 

THE  Goldsmiths'  Company  of  London  was  incorporated 
in  the  year  1327,  and  ever  since  that  time  there  have 
existed  laws  against  the  making  of  counterfeit  silver.  This 
company  not  only  assays  and  hall-marks  London-made 
silver,  but  it  also  has  the  right  to  destroy  spurious  articles, 
and  inflict  fines  upon  those  who  have  done  the  counter- 
feiting. 

At  one  time,  in  England,  to  forge  plate  was  punishable 
with  death,  although  we  do  not  understand  that  this  penalty 
was  ever  enforced.  However,  we  do  know  that  in  the 
year  1597  two  goldsmiths  who  produced  some  counter- 
feit silver  were  put  in  the  pillory,  and  each  had  one  ear 
cut  off. 

it  is  not  proposed  to  enter  into  the  consideration  of  the 
penalties  that  are  now  imposed  for  counterfeiting,  but  to 
state  briefly  the  different  modes  of  forging  plate,  and  tiie 
means  whereby  one  can  detect  such  frauds.  In  ancient 
times  base  metals  were  sometimes  plated  and  sold  as  solid 
silver.     This  is  seldom,  if  ever,  done  at  the  present  time. 


202  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

Prior  to  the  ist  of  October,  1844,  22-carat  gold  wares  and 
silver  articles  were  hall-marked  with  the  same  marks. 
This  uniformity  of  marks  on  the  two  metals  was  taken 
advantage  of  to  defraud  the  public  by  gilding  a  silver  piece 
of  plate  and  then  selling  it  for  gold.  To  remedy  this,  a  law 
was  passed  in  1 844  which  changed  the  hall-marks  on  gold 
—  a  crown  with  the  figure  22  was  introduced  in  place  of  the 
lion. 

For  many  years  silver  articles  have  been  made  below  the 
standard,  and  the  hall-marks  surreptitiously  placed  upon 
them.  From  1784  to  1890,  when  there  was  a  tax  upon 
every  piece  of  silver  that  was  made,  the  Goldsmiths'  Com- 
pany collected  the  duty,  indicating  that  it  had  been  paid  by 
placing  upon  the  silver  the  mark  of  the  sovereign's  head. 
This  duty  at  times  was  eighteen  pence  an  ounce.  To  avoid 
paying  it,  the  scheming  silversmith  would  place  (by  means 
of  counterfeit  punches)  the  hall-marks  on  his  own  silver. 
This  temptation  to  avoid  taxation  was  removed  in  1 890  by 
the  abolition  of  the  duty.  Before  this  was  done,  it  was 
easier  to  convict  a  counterfeiter  of  plate,  for  then  there  were 
two  charges  on  which  to  proceed  against  him,  namely,  fraud 
and  the  evasion  of  taxes. 

Frauds  may  be  considered  under  the  following  heads: 
Subtractions,  Additions,  Transformations,  Transpositions 
and  Counterfeit  Marks. 


FRAUDS  203 

SUBTRACTIONS 

By  the  term  subtraction  is  meant  the  removal  of  a  portion 
of  silver  from  an  article  after  it  has  been  hall-marked;  as  the 
foot  from  a  paten  in  order  to  make  it  into  a  salver,  or  a  spout 
from  an  urn  to  change  it  into  a  cup.  Although  in  some 
cases  this  is  a  form  of  deception,  it  is  believed  that  no 
prosecution  at  law  would  succeed  where  a  subtraction  has 
been  made. 

ADDITIONS 

Under  this  heading  are  classed  hall-marked  articles  to 
which  additions  have  been  made  by  the  silversmith.  The 
law  says  that  consent  must  be  obtained  of  the  authorities 
before  making  an  addition,  and  that  if  the  change  increases 
the  weight  of  the  article  to  more  than  one-third  of  its  original 
weight  the  added  silver  must  be  hall-marked.  But  the 
addition  should  not  change  the  character  of  the  article ;  a 
foot,  a  handle  or  a  spout  may  be  added,  but  not  so  that 
it  changes  the  use  of  the  article;  thus  one  must  not  alter  a 
tankard  into  a  coffee-pot.  The  commonest  forms  of  addi- 
tions are  as  follows: 

(i).  An  old  and  rare  article  is  plated  inside  to  increase 
its  weight,  after  which  gilding  is  used  to  hide  the  newness 
of  the  plating.  Where  an  old  piece  of  plate  is  worth 
£\o  ($50)  an  ounce  (old  silver  is  almost  always  sold  by 


204  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

the  ounce  in  EngLmd),  one  can  readily  see  the  temptation  to 
increase  the  weight. 

(2).  A  pierced  border  is  often  added  to  a  plain  salver  in 
order  to  make  it  more  attractive  and  salable.  When  this  is 
done  the  designing  silversmith  does  not  have  the  border 
marked  by  the  Goldsmiths'  Hall,  because  there  they  would 
put  on  the  modern  marks,  and  the  silversmith,  of  course, 
wants  only  the  old  marks,  which,  in  this  case,  would  be  on 
the  bottom  of  the  salver. 

(3).  Frequently  old  tea-pots,  jugs,  kettles,  etc.,  have 
modern  chasing  or  engraving  on  them,  but  this  is  per- 
missible and  can  readily  be  detected  by  the  expert.  It  is 
generally  done  to  please  the  owner  of  the  article  and  not  to 
deceive  or  enhance  the  value;  in  fact,  the  chasing  or  engraving 
in  many  cases  renders  the  piece  less  valuable  in  that  it  alters 
its  antique  character.  On  the  other  hand,  this  surface 
alteration,  if  done  in  the  style  of  the  period  when  the  piece 
was  made,  sometimes  increases  the  value  of  the  article  by 
making  it  more  decorative.  A  very  common  form  of  fraud 
is  to  engrave  an  old  piece  of  silver  with  the  crest  and  coat- 
of-arms  of  some  celebrity,  often  adding  an  interesting  in- 
scription. 

On  a  few  articles  made  of  one  piece  of  silver,  and  which 
could  be  easily  affixed  to  some  other  article  of  plate,  the  hall- 
marks for  some  time  have  been  placed  in  the  following  rela- 
tive positions : 


FRAUDS  203 

Lion 
Maker's  mark  Leopard  Date  letter 

Sovereign's  head 

It  the  marks  appear  in  the  above  positions  on  an  article 
made  of  more  than  one  piece  of  silver,  it  is  best  to  hesitate 
before  purchasing  it,  and  consult  some  expert. 

TRANSFORMATIONS 

When  a  piece  of  plate  is  changed  into  another  article  it  is 
called  a  transformation.  This  form  of  forgery  is  practised  to 
make  an  article  more  desirable,  and  it  is  the  commonest  kind 
of  counterfeiting.  Examples  of  transformations  are  as  fol- 
lows: Sauce-boats  are  made  into  three-legged  basins  — 
chiefly  Irish  ones ;  wine-funnels  into  pierced  baskets ;  meat- 
dishes  into  waiters  ;  dishes,  plates  or  waiters  into  bowls  or 
baskets;  pint  mugs  into  jugs  ;  Qrieen  Anne  saucepans  into 
tankards  ;  spoons  into  forks ;  skewers  into  handles  of  spoons 
or  ladles. 

When  an  article  is  transformed  the  marks  are  not  touched ; 
but  in  changing  the  form  of  the  piece  the  marks  often  be- 
come twisted  or  defaced,  and  frequently  appear  in  the  wrong 
place,  and  sometimes  upside  down.  In  the  chapters  de- 
scribing the  different  articles,  much  attention  has  been  paid 
to  the  correct  positions  of  the  hall-marks  on  the  various 
pieces. 


2o6  OLD  LONDON    SILVER 

TRANSPOSITIONS 

A  fraud  is  termed  a  transposition  when  a  genuine  mark 
has  been  removed  from  an  old  piece  of  silver  and  inserted 
into  a  new  article  made  to  resemble  an  old  one,  or  put  into 
an  old  piece  that  has  no  marks  on  it,  or  inserted  into  an 
old  hall-marked  piece  after  removing  the  original  marks — 
in  the  last  case  the  inserted  marks  are  much  older  than  the 
original.  The  genuine  mark  is  taken  from  some  small  and 
inexpensive  article;  for  instance,  an  old  spoon-handle  with 
the  Dublin  marks  on  it  will  be  inserted  into  the  rim  of  a 
modern  Irish  potato-ring. 

In  order  to  insert  a  mark,  solder,  in  most  cases,  must  be 
employed,  and  a  cursory  examination  of  the  piece  would  not 
detect  the  presence  of  the  solder  marks.  But  if  suspicion  is 
aroused,  the  existence  of  solder  can  be  discovered  in  one  of 
the  following  ways :  by  using  a  magnifying  glass,  by  polish- 
ing the  surface  of  the  silver  and  breathing  on  it,  by  apply- 
ing sulphur  fumes,  or  by  means  of  the  blow-pipe.  The 
solder  is  sometimes  hidden  by  a  little  chasing. 

COUNTERFEIT  MARKS 

A  counterfeit  mark  is  one  that  has  been  stamped  by  a 
punch  other  than  that  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Company,  or  it  is 
a  genuine  mark  altered  in  one  way  or  another.  A  forged 
punch  is  made  of  the  hall-marks  of  a  hundred  years  ago ; 


FRAUDS  207 

this  is  used  to  mark  modem  silver  and  in  that  way  make  it 
appear  old.  Another  way  is  to  reproduce  exactly  an  old 
piece  of  silver,  including  the  old  marks,  by  means  of  the 
electrotyping  process.  When  this  has  been  done,  an  expert 
■  can  tell  it  at  a  glance  by  the  appearance  of  the  silver. 

The  mark  of  the  Sovereign's  head  is  sometimes  removed 
to  make  the  marks  appear  older.  Another  way  of  altering 
the  marks  is  to  remove  an  unimportant  maker's  mark  and 
substitute  a  much  sought  after  mark,  such  as  that  of  Paul 
Lamerie,  which  advances  the  price  of  the  article  at  least  £2 
($10)  an  ounce.  Modern  articles,  made  of  Britannia  Stan- 
dard, are  sometimes  sold  as  Queen  Anne's  pieces,  on  ac- 
count of  the  resemblance  of  two  of  the  modern  marks  to  the 

old  ones. 

HOW   TO    DETECT   FRAUDS 

Having  considered  the  principal  methods  of  forging  plate, 
the  question  now  presents  itself,  how  can  we  determine 
whether  a  piece  of  silver  is  antique  or  modern?  We  will 
answer  that  question  by  explaining  what  an  expert  does 
when  his  suspicions  are  aroused.  He  can  have  a  portion 
of  the  article  assayed  to  see  if  it  be  of  the  proper  standard. 
He  considers  the  style  of  the  period  that  the  hall-marks  call 
for ;  frequently  the  counterfeiter  does  not  pay  much  attention 
to  this  matter.  The  expert  looks  carefully  at  the  piece  to  see 
how  it  was  made  —  the  ways  of  manufacturing  silver  have 
changed  from  time  to  time.     The  appearance  of  antique 


2o8  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

silver  is  very  difficult  to  imitate,  and  although  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  describe  just  what  this  old  appearance  is  like, 
nevertheless  it  is  quite  real  to  one  accustomed  to  examining 
plate.  While  the  price  of  an  article  of  old  silver  does  not 
necessarily  prove  its  antiquity,  nevertheless  if  one  is  offered 
by  a  dealer  an  antique  much  below  the  current  price,  it  may 
be  an  indication  that  something  is  wrong.  Defects  in  an 
article  must  not  be  taken  as  signs  of  age,  for  they  are  very 
easy  to  produce.  One  must  be  careful  that  the  article  does 
not  antedate  its  introduction  ;  for  instance,  an  expert  would 
not  buy  an  Elizabethan  tea-pot,  or  a  four-pronged  fork  of  the 
time  of  Henry  Vlll. 

Articles  made  since  the  time  of  Elizabeth,  with  only  a 
maker's  mark,  should  be  avoided,  although  the  unscrupulous 
dealer  will  show  you  in  some  book  of  reference  that  it  is  the 
mark  of  a  celebrated  silversmith.  Such  pieces  are  seldom 
genuine.  The  forger  escapes  penalties  by  leaving  off  the 
hall-mark,  as  there  is  no  penalty  for  simply  copying  the 
maker's  mark.  Of  course,  no  such  piece  could  be  sold 
openly  in  England,  for,  unless  hall-marked,  it  is  liable  to  con- 
fiscation ;  but  in  America,  where  there  are  no  restrictions, 
the  opportunity  for  deception  is  easy,  and  forged  goods  are 
specially  made  for  this  market. 

Almost  every  country  in  Europe  has  made  spurious  silver 
articles,  or  "  duffers,"  as  they  are  called  in  the  trade.  France 
has  perhaps  produced  the  cleverest,  Holland  the  worst,  and 


The  above  represents  the  most  striking  forgery  in  the  way  of  additions  that  has 
come  to  our  notice.  It  was  a  large  jug,  some  i8  inches  high,  of  the  Charles  I! 
period,  and  weighed  over  150  ounces.  The  workmanship  was  good  and  the  hall- 
marks distinct  and  genuine,  but  the  large  round  body,  the  handle,  the  cover  and 
spout,  were  all  additions.  All  that  was  genuine  was  part  of  an  old  tankard  which 
made  the  neck  of  the  jug,  and  on  which  remained  the  original  hall-marks. 


209 


210  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

England  the  most.  America  is  the  last  sinner,  and  in  New 
York  City  "duffers  "  are  being  produced  in  small  quantities. 
They  are  very  poorly  done,  and  such  stupid  blunders  are 
made  in  the  hall-marks  that  it  is  very  easy  to  detect  the 
counterfeiting. 

On  account  of  the  unselfish  energy  of  a  few  prominent 
silversmiths  in  London,  backed  up  by  the  Goldsmiths'  Com- 
pany, some  very  heavy  fines  were  recently  inflicted  upon 
several  well-known  dealers  in  forged  plate.  This  put  con- 
sternation into  the  camp  of  counterfeiters,  and  as  a  conse- 
quence there  is  a  temporary  diminution  in  the  supply  of 
spurious  old  silver. 


MAKERS'    MARKS 

AND 

HALL-MARKS 


MAKERS'   MARKS 

Of  the  marks  that  appear  on  every  piece  of  London-made  silver, 
that  of  the  maker  should  tlrst  be  considered.  It  was  ordered  by 
statute  in  1363,  and  is  not  a  hall-mark,  though  usually  spoken  of 
as  one,  for  it  is  stamped  by  the  maker  himself,  before  the  article 
is  sent  to  the  Hall.  It  is  essential,  as  a  copy  or  impression  of  it 
must  be  registered  at  the  Goldsmiths'  Hall,  with  the  name  and 
address  of  the  maker,  before  the  other  marks  can  be  applied,  and 
it  is  the  identification  mark  that  shows  the  origin  of  the  article  on 
which  it  appears. 

The  earliest  makers'  marks  were  simply  emblems ;  later,  initials 
with  or  without  emblems  ;  from  1597  to  1720,  the  first  two  letters 
of  the  maker's  surname  were  used  ;  since  then  the  initials  have 
been  employed.  A  crown  over  the  letters  generally  indicated  that 
the  maker  enjoyed  royal  patronage.  Sometimes  the  emblem  had 
a  significance  in  connection  with  the  name,  asakey  with  Nathaniel 
Lock,  and  a  bird  with  Andrew  Raven. 

All   records  were  destroyed  in  the  great  fire  of  1666,  and  all 

that  is  preserved  from  that    date    to    1697   is  a  copper  plate, 

213 


214  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

on  which  the  makers'  marks  from  1675  to  1697  ^^^  stamped.  This 
has  been  frequently  published,  both  as  it  appears  on  the  plate  and 
with  the  marks  in  a  sort  of  alphabetical  order. 

The  records  are  preserved  since  1697,  ^iid  Mr.  Chaffers,  in  his 
valuable  work,  ''Gilda  Aurifabrorum,"  has  compiled  a  complete 
list  from  1697  to  1800,  having  been  allowed  to  copy  the  marks 
from  the  records  at  the  Goldsmiths'  Hall. 

In  the  comprehensive  work  of  Mr.  Cripps  many  of  these  marks 
have  been  elaborated  and  additional  information  has  been  given  in 
regard  to  some  of  them.  All  the  marks  on  record,  that  are  pre- 
vious to  1697,  h^'ive  been  taken  at  various  times  from  actual  pieces 
of  plate,  and  published  in  the  two  works  above  referred  to,  and  in 
making  up  our  list  we  have  availed  ourselves  of  these  sources  of 
information,  both  for  the  unknown  and  known  marks,  and  have 
added  others  taken  by  ourselves  from  various  articles  for  this 
purpose. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  same  name  sometimes  appears  two  or 
three  times  ;  this  is  generally  the  case  when  the  address  has  been 
changed,  when  a  new  registration  was  evidently  required,  and  it 
will  be  noticed  that  the  mark  was,  in  some  respects,  usually 
changed  also,  and  it  must  be  remembered  that  all  makers  previous 
to  1720  who  continued  in  business  after  that  date  have  two  marks 
—  for  instance,  H.  A.  for  Paul  Hanet  before  1720  and  P.  H.  after- 
ward. 

There  was  an  absolute  change  of  all  marks  in  1739.  Owing  to 
various  causes,  there  was  duplication  and  confusion  previous  to 
that  date,  hence  every  maker  was  required  to  destroy  all  his  old 


MAKERS'    MARKS  215 

punches  and  to  adopt  a  new  mark  of  his  initials,  and  in  a  different 
style  of  letter  than  he  had  used  before,  and  it  will  be  observed  that 
most  of  the  marks  registered  in  17^9,  of  which  there  are  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty,  are  in  italics  or  old  English,  instead  of  in  the 
Roman  letters  that  were  used  before  that  date. 

It  was  our  intention  to  make  our  list  for  the  nineteenth  century 
as  complete  as  Mr.  Chaffers's  is  for  the  eighteenth,  but  our  applica- 
tion for  this  purpose  was  refused  by  the  present  wardens  of  the 
Goldsmiths'  Company. 

We  have,  therefore,  compiled  the  names  of  all  the  silversmiths 
that  appear  in  the  London  directories  from  1801  to  1850,  and  have 
arranged  the  list  in  alphabetical  order,  and  as  the  maker's  mark 
was  simply  his  initials  generally  in  a  plain  oblong,  square,  or  oval, 
there  will  not  be  much  difficulty  in  locating  the  maker  of  any 
article  when  the  date  is  known,  hi  this  connection  the  fact  may 
be  mentioned  that  middle  names  are  quite  a  recent  addition,  and 
in  the  long  lists  which  follow  they  will  hardly  be  found  at  all. 

In  consulting  the  table  it  should  be  remembered  that  previous  to 
the  nineteenth  century  the  letter  I  is  almost  universally  used 
instead  of  J. 

Our  lists,  in  which  the  marks  are  somewhat  enlarged,  are  in  five 
sections,  the  last  four  alphabetically  arranged  as  the  marks  read  — 
that  is,  E.  L.  for  Edward  Lowe,  will  be  found  under  E  and  not 
under  L  ;  this  will  be  found  a  great  convenience,  and  avoids  the 
necessity  of  referring  to  an  index. 

The  first  section  is  of  emblems  from  1491  to  1685,  with  the  dates 
of  the  articles  from  which  they  were  taken.    The  second  is  of 


2i6  OLD  LONDON  SILVER 

unknown  makers  previous  to  1697  J  these  also  have  the  dates  of 
the  pieces  on  which  they  were  found.  The  third  shows  the  marks 
from  the  copper  plate  previously  mentioned.  The  fourth  is  a 
complete  list,  with  name,  address,  and  date  from  1697  to  1800. 
The  fifth  gives  the  names  of  all  the  silversmiths  in  the  London 
directories  for  the  first  half  of  the  last  century. 

In  the  names  of  the  streets  we  have  adhered  to  the  spelling  of 
the  period. 

The  list  on  page  217  is  interesting,  as  it  gives  the  marks  of  one 
firm  and  its  predecessors  for  over  two  hundred  years. 


For  "page  217"  read  page  229 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


217 


Emblems  (1491  to  1569) 


+ 


i 


1491 
1493 

1494 
1496 

1496 

1504 

1606 

1507 

1507 

1508 

1509 

1510 

1514 

1515 
1516 
1517 


m 


1524 

1525 
1525 
1527 

1528 
1532 
1532 

1534 
1535 
1545 
1546 

1548 
1548 
1550 

1551 


#] 


® 


w 


1551 

1555 
1559 
1560 
1560 

1562 
1562 
1562 
1562 
1562 

1664 
1567 
1567 
1567 

1568 
1569 


2l8 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


Emblems  (1570  to  1685) 


@ 


m 


m 


570 
670 
570 

571 

571 
572 
573 

573 

576 
576 
576 
576 
576 
578 
578 


1681 
1581 
1583 
1684 

1586 
1590 
1592 
1594 
1596 
1597 

1598 
1699 
1699 

1600 

1601 
1601 


'3i 


w 


1602 
1607 

1608 
1617 

1618 

1630 
1631 
1635 
1635 

1637 

1660 
1663 

1682 
1685 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


219 


Unknown  Makers  (A.  to  D.  R.) 


® 


R 


W 


^ 


1564 

1567 

1682 

1571 

1602 

1619 

1661 

1646 

1652 

1663 
1577 

1681 

1622 

1551 
1674 
1689 
1678 


m 


© 


1676 
1603 

1664 
1635 

1638 
1649 
1628 
1679 
1609 
1626 

1651 

1549 

1606 
1631 
1569 
1570 
1629 


$ 


(CM) 

Km 


1673 

1607 
1679 

1615 
1675 

1635 
1574 
1661 

1607 

1576 
1586 
1682 

1685 
1604 
1630 
1655 
1674 


220 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


Unknown  Makers  (D.  T.  to  H.  S.) 


© 


^ 


1685 

1630 
1640 

1656 
1671 

1682 

1616 

1599 

1570 
1652 
1653 
1635 
1636 
1649 
1638 
1686 
1691 


® 


(•n»i 


1660 

1607 

1608 
1676 
1611 
1655 

1664 

1681 
1605 

1637 

1674 

1682 

1636 

1658 
1668 

1570 
1576 


il 

m 


^ 


Ki. 


1572 

1651 
1598 
1613 
1579 

1600 

1673 

1650 
1656 

1657 
1592 
1589 
1656 
1665 
1570 
1615 

1684 


MAKERS'   MARKS 


221 


Unknown  Makers  (H.  T.  to  I.  M.) 


FT 


CHW) 


SI 


(D 


'IB! 


^ 

m 


L-< 


1622 
1563 

1581 

1627 
1658 
1601 

1674 
1595 
1599 

1603 

1610 
1631 

1638 
1669 
1670 

1679 
1680 


llQCl 


m 


1*1 


m 


IF 


1528 
1565 
1569 

1579 
1668 
1681 
1688 

1691 
1598 
1671 
1599 

1557 
1571 

1617 
1591 
1633 
1650 


^ 
® 


iIK 

IKi 


1655 
1661 

1668 

1570 
1571 

1597 

1677 

1619 

1640 

1681 

1689 

1608 
1667 

1679 

1589 

1694 


222 


OLD   LONDON   SILVER 


Unknown  Makers  (1    M.  to  M.  M. 


^ 


m 


1632 
1639 
1681 

1614 
1662 
1669 

1566 
1617 
1615 

1662] 

1667 

1694 

1588 
1608 
16151 

1617 


[IW| 


1676 
1679 
1685 
1626 

1641 
1607 

1653 

1636 

1650 
1655 

1682 
1685 

1690 

1652 

1606 

1672 

1686 


>je 


^ 


^ 

^ 


(K) 


m 


1499 
1602 
1681 
1556 
1565 
1570 
1576 

1599 

1659 

L666 
1672 

1607 
[693 

1614 
[691 
[681 

[665 
[672 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


223 


Unknown  Makers  (M.  V.  to  R.  K.) 


m 


683 
687 
594 
562 
646 
638 
671 
67o 
684 

624 

637 

658 
561 

578 
634 
626 
689 


RB 


(RC 


1683 
1681 

1682 

1677 

1670 

1685 

1562 

1568 

1684 

1660 

1613 

1614 
1616 

1624 

1636 

1599 

1614 

1624 


^ 
f^^ 


1629 
1639 
1684 
1552 
1624 
1668 
1588 
1658 

1619 
1576 
1577 
1634 
1670 

1680 
1681 
1687 

1563 


224 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


Unknown  Makers  (R.  L.  to  T.  B.) 


^ 


(m 


IRSJ 


669 
680 
553 

590 
628 
634 
676 

660 
66] 

598 
617 
640 
683 
613 

619 

633 

637 


.RWJ 

[©J 


^1 


651 
664 
691 

690 

581 
606 

606 
616 

618 
632 

646 
519 
562 
664 

638 

580 
686 


w 


fl 


TA 


1646 
1608 

1669 

1683 
1654 
1636 

1586 
1586 
1596 

1610 

1660 

1669 

1680 
1684 

1609 
1567 
1627 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


22S 


Unknown  Makers  (T.  B.  to  W.  F. 


L594 


1617 


Td 


1639 
1665 
1609 

1685 

1667 
1670 

1693 

1554 
1675 

1680 
1639 
1660 
1669 
1677 
1680 

1595 
1662 


[WC] 


1578 

1681 

1640 
1533 

1607 

1557 
1561 

1585 
1690 
1562 
1617 

1633 
1655 
1661 
1686 

1683 

1683 


226 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


Unknown  Makers  (W.  G.  tc  Z.) 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


227 


Unknown  Makers'  Marks  from  Copperplate      1675  to  1697   (A.  to  I.  S.) 


Jak) 


(CAl 


m 


^^wfc' 


•••.1 

(CV,) 


[DA] 
(Dtl 


EH» 


© 


[EB] 

(ebI 


IFSJ 


IHKI 


ll 


(i|) 


(1.9 


IE) 


l-F) 


(ThI 


(§) 

(iKl 


(g) 


IS 


228  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


Unknown  Makers'  Marks  from  Copperplate      1675  to  1697  (I.  S.  to  Y.  T.) 


ra 
11^ 


fYc| 


m 


m 


@D 


^ 


1^ 


i^ 


1^ 


.i=r^> 


1^ 


h 


)S1 
ITil 


f ^ 

TA 


(?S) 


^ 
(f 

^ 


•  XL* 


IS) 


Tf? 


X:'. 


(WP) 


^ 


1ml 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


229 


Wo 


(0  0  u> 
OD        0> 


rn 

3) 


•  o 

CD  I 
>  I 
3)    : 


U>  O   OD 
0>        0> 


>   m 


2  i 
d   > 


H    OD 

0   <0 

0> 


I 

1^ 


o 
o 


o  H  -  o  > 

(B  >  O  I   I- 

n  z  I  z  H 

71  ^  >  ^ 

H  fj  n  3 

=  ?; 

IS  I  •  >    3 

o  > 

IV)0 


m 
o 

;?!  '" 

O     03 

S     > 
m     J) 

S     z 

>     > 

Z      3) 
D 


CD  H 
(C  0 
0) 


o 
o 


CO 

> 

2 
> 


0)  o 
0) 


0.  ^  - 

^  *  « 

!J  C5  m 


m 
o 

I  o 

> 

Z 
> 
3) 

o 


OD   H    01 
NJ   O    0> 


o 
o 


Q)  0 


to 

^    f 


<  ^ 


«  5  -•0 


00    H 

<J>  o 
00 


o 
o 


U 


> 

z 
> 


Nj 


Mow 
0)       0) 


fto 


H      «_ 


o 

•  o 
CO 


> 

o 
(>• 
00 

o 


:o   o 


03  03 
>   > 

B    3 


M  ^  M 
01  0  W 
0)        (0 


Is 


7!?  "^ 
o    o 


00  H  00 
4^  0  t\) 
0)       <D 


^^  Co  z 
n!  ■    %  o 


^t_  mm 
-  o  o  o 
r  5  S  « 


bi  0   ^l 

0)  INO 


^   -n 


^  - 


rn 


00  ^  00 
ro  0  O 
00     00 


^ 


In    j/> 


m3)5 

O    n  3J 

?    B  < 

•o  rr  (-) 

CD  "  =: 

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D  n  ; 

o  to  >- 


N  .  0) 
IV)  o  00 
IV)        V 


z 


CD  H  N 
O  0  (0 
00       00 


^ 


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X 

z 
5.  k;  rn 

■5  ■ 


< 

•  0 
CD 

> 
3) 

Z 
> 


3 

n 

0 

0 

X 

m 

D 

K 

0 

T| 

H 

I 

-1 

m 

X 

> 

Tl 

0 

3 

m 

^ 

CP 

-i 

> 

> 

■z 

2: 

0 

"D 

U) 

H 

W 

>U 

m 

Tl  o 

^  w 

m  H 

o  n 

m  JO 

o  m 

m  CD 


z 
o 
m 


00   > 

CD    r 
r 

c 

m 
o 


m 
a 

> 

d 

> 

o 

2: 


PAUL  DE    LAMERIE'S   MARKS 

So  many  mistakes  have  been  made  in  reference  to  Paul 
Lamerie's  mark  that  we  shall  give  a  brief  explanation.  He  began 
in  1712,  with  the  mark  of  the  first  two  letters  of  his  surname 
WM  ,  making  the  Britannia  Standard  only.  He  made  no  change 
till  1732,  when  he  registered  his  initials  (^  for  the  Sterling 
Standard,  and  when  all  the  marks  were  changed  in  1739,  he 
registered    ®  in  italics.    He  died  in  1751. 

There  were  other  marks  of  L  A  and  P  L  of  about  the  same 
period,  one  Lm  of  John  Ladyman,  a  spoonmaker,  registered  in 
1697,  was  mostly  previous  to  Lamerie's  time,  as  the  last  piece 
known  was  of  1713.    Another  was  \zA  o^  John  Laughton,  also 

registered  in  1697,  but  the  mark  most  often  taken  for  Lamerie's 

I® 
was  ypC)  of  Pierre  Platel.    This  was  in  use  from  1697  to  1720, 

but   Lamerie's    mark    during   that   time  was   LA  and   not   PL. 

Other  marks  were  lKj  of  Gabriel  Player,   1700,  and  |pE|  of 

Francis  Plymley,  1715,  but  they  were  without  the  crown,  which 

is  always  found  with   Lamerie's  mark,  and  were  also  not  the 

right  letters  for  Lamerie  at  that  time. 


!30 


Makers'  Marks 

from  1697  to  1800 

The  date  is  in  most  instances,  tine  year  the  mark  was  first  registered. 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


can 


SB 


Si 


A.B 

LD 


\AC 


Andrew  Archer 
Arthur  Annesley 
John  Abbott 
Abraham  Buteux 
Abel  Brokesby 
Aaron  Bates 
Robert  Abercomby 
Alexander  Barnet,  Jr. 

Abraham  Barrier 

Abraham    Barrier  & 

Louis  Ducommien 

Anthony  Calame 
Augustus  Courtauld 
Augustus  Courtauld 


Bride  Lane 


Heath  cote  St. 


Birchin  Lane 


Green  St. 

Lester  Fields 

St.  Anne's  Lane 


Field  Lane 

St.  Martin's  !e  Grand 

Woopen 

Rathbone  Place 
Rathbone  Place 

Exeter  Change 

Shandois  St. 

Shandois  St. 


1710 
1758 
1706 
1721 
1727 
1730 

1739 

1759 

1775 
1778 

1764 

1739 

1739 


231 


2^2 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


few 


Mi 

ED 


AP 
SG 


AS 


Alex.  Coats  & 

Edwd.  French 

Ann  Craig  & 

John  Neville 


CAD^      Chas  Adam 


Ann  Farren 


Andrew  Fogrelberg- 


Andrew  Fogelberg  & 

Stephen  Gilbert 


Anthony  Jolland 


Alex.  Johnson 


Ann  Kersil 


Andrew  Killik 


Thomas  Allen 


AlJjJ     Abm.  Le  Francois 


Abm.  Le  Francois 


sa 


Aug.  Lesage 


A.  Montgomery 


Bennets  Court 

Morris  St. 
St.  James 


Foster  Lane 


Swithens  Lane 


Church  St.  Soho 


Church  St.  Soho 


Staining  Lane 


Panton  St. 


Foster  Lane 


Lillypot  Lane 


Gutter  Lane 


Porter  St.  Soho 


West  St. 

Seven  Dials 


Great  Suffolk  St. 


Cambridge  St. 


1734 
1740 

1702 
1743 
1776 
1791 
1721 
1747 
1747 
1740 
1709 

1740 
1746 
1767 
1750 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


LA^       William  Andrews 


®® 


fAPl 


EB 


AS 
JS 
AS. 


Abm.  De  Oliveyra 
Abm.  De  Oliveyra 

Abraham  Portal 

Abm,  Peterson 

Abm.  Peterson  & 
Peter  Podie 

Arnot  & 
Pocok 

Fras.  Archbold 
Andrew  Archer 
Peter  Archambo 
Thomas  Ash 


%      Ambrose  Stevenson 


Albt.  Schurman 


Alex.  Saunders 


Adey,  Joseph  & 
Albert  Savory 


Mugwell  St. 

St.  Helens 

Bishopgate  St. 

Houndsditch 


Rose  St.  Soho 


Foster  Lane 


Ffoste  Lane 


Fleet  St. 


Green  St. 


Steyningr  Lane 


Barbican 


Holborn 


Noble  St. 


No  address 


I  1697 
1725 
1739 

1749 


Salisbury  Court         I'^^O 


Salisbury  Court      1   1'<'83 


1720 


1697 


1703 


1720 


1697 


1720 


1756 


1757 


1833 


234 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


Chr.  Atkinson 
Wm.  Atkinson 
Henry  Aubin 
Ayme  Vedeau 
Wm.  Bainbridg-e 
Wm.  Bainbridge 
John  Bathe 
Wm.  Barnes 

J.  Barbut 
Mary  Bainbridgre 
Edward  Barnet 
Richard  Bayley 
J.   Barbut 

Thomas  Bamford 

i 
rtf^\  I  John  Barnard 


Foster  Lane 


New  Fish  St.  Hil 

Princess  Court 
Lothbury 

Green  St. 


Whitechapel 
Whitechapel 
Lumbard  St. 

Without  Ludgate 

New  St. 

Covent  Garden 

Oat  Lane 
Tooiey  St. 

Foster  Lane 

New  St. 

Covent  Garden 

Gutter  Lane 
Gutter  Lane 


1707 

1725 
1700 
1739 
1697 
1697 
1700 

1702 
1703 

1707 
1715 
1708 
1717 

1719 
1720 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


235 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


BB 


Benjamin  Bentley 
Benjamin  Blakeiey 
Benjamin  Blakeiey 
jR'_]B|     Benjamin  Brewood 

Bennell  Bradshaw  &Co. 
Benjamin  Cartright 


3C 


m 


Benjamin  Cartright 
Benjamin  Cartright 

Burrage  Davenport 
Benjamin  Bentley 
James  Beschefer 
Thomas  Beraut 
George  Beale 
Henry  Beesiey 
Joseph  Bell 


Tooley  St. 
Russell  St. 
Russell  St. 
Cough  Square 
Oxford  Chapel 

Bartholomew  Close 
Smithfield 
Strand 
Foster  Lane 
No  address 
Lester  Fields 
Foster  Lane 
Distaff  Lane 


1728 
1738 
1739 
1755 
1739 
1739 
1754 

1756 
1776 
1698 
1704 
1712 
1713 


Nicholas  Lane  1714 


Cannon  St. 


1716 


2l6 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


William  Bellassyse 


William  Bellamy 


Bernard  Fletcher 


Blanche  Fraillon 


CB*^S     Benjamin  Godwin 


^^±r. 


B&)       Benjamin  Godfrey 

i 

Uig]      Benjamin  Godfrey 
/fn.Ci    I  Benjamin  Godfrey 
^  ^     Benjamin  Gurden 
G)       Benjamin  Griffin 
Benjamin  Gignac 
Joseph  Bird 

Joseph  Bird 
Fras.   Billingsley 


^^^      Richard  Biggre 


Monkwell  St. 
Foster  Lane 
Staining  Lane 

Lanchester  Court 
Strand 

Gutter  Lane 
Haymarket 
Haymarket 
Haymarket 
Noble  St. 
Bond  St. 

Deans  Court 
Foster  Lane 

Foster  Lane 


1716 


1716 


1725 


1727 


1730 


1732 


1739 


1739 


1740 


1742 


1741 


1697 


1697 


Covent  Garden       i    1697 


Sweethings  Lane 


1700 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


2^,7 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


John  Big-nell 


(BLj      Nathaniel  Bland 


B-L 


Benjamin  Biakeiey 
Benjamin  Laver 
Benjamin  Laver 
Bowles  Nash 

Bq)      Ishmael  Bone 

John  Bodington 
Michael  Boult 
George  Boothby 
Thomas  Bryden 
Jonathan  Bradley 
John  Brassey 

LBK)      Benjamin  Bradford 


Stainer  Lane 


Anthony  Blackford         ,   Lombard  St. 


Noble  St. 


Strand 


Bond  St. 


Bruton  St. 


Abchurch  Lane 


Foster  Lane 


Cheapside 


Strand 


Carey  Lane 

Lumber  St. 

Lawrence 

Poutney  Lane 


DATE 


1718 


1702 


1714 


1720 


1781 


1789 


St.  Martins  le  Grand        1721 


1699 


1701 


1713 


1720 


St.  Martins  le  Grand        1697 


1697 


1697 


1697 


2-X% 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


mR)       Moses  Brown 


Br 


ME 


Edward  Brockes 


William  Brett 


John  Broake 


r)        Phillip  Brush 


[BRJ        George  Brydon 


iBRl       John  Brumhall 


Benjamin  Sanders 


Benjamin  Sanders 


Benjamin  Stephenson      Ludgate  Hill 


Russell  St. 

Covent  Garden 

Derby 

Norris  St. 

St.  James 

Gutter  Lane 
Lombard  St. 
Maiden  Lane 
Upper  Moorfields 
Stalningr  Lane 
Staining  Lane 


Thomas  Burridge 
/oTj)       Thomas  Burridge 
William  Bull 
Abraham  Buteux 
James  Burne 


Foster  Lane 
Foster  Lane 

Haymarket 

Green  St. 

Lester  Fields 

Bedfordsbury 


1697 
1697 
1697 
1699 

1707 
1720 

1721 
1737 
1739 
1775 
1706 
1717 
1698 

1723 
1724 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


239 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


swi 


<2 


,  'HI, 
CC«A) 


CB 


E3 


Benjamin  Watts 


Bowyer  Walker 


Benjamin  West 


Benjamin  West 


Christopher  Cannu 


Christopher  Cannu 


Isaac  Callard 


Charles  Alchorne 


Charles  Aldridge 

Charles  Aldridge  & 
Henry  Green 


Charles  Bellassyse 


Cornelius  Bland 


C.  &  T.  W.  Barker 


Christopher  Cannu 


Christopher  Claris 


Fleet  St. 
Southwark 
Carey  Lane 
Foster  Lane 
Gutter  Lane 
Maiden  Lane 
King-  St.  St.  Giles 
Foster  Lane 
Aldersgrate  St. 

St.  Martins  le  Grand 
Eagle  St.,  Lion  Sq. 

Aldersgate  St. 
No  address 

Foster  Lane 

James  St. 

Covent  Garden 


1720 

1735 

1737 
1739 

1697 
1716 
1726 
1729 
1786 
1775 

1740 
1788 
1800 

1720 

1727 


240 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


(FTT^ 


Charles  Clark 


Bunhill  Row 


C'Cl      Charles  Chesterman         Clare  Market 
p  ^\      Charles  Chesterman         Carey  Lane 
Charles  Chesterman         Fleet  Market 


ICFl    i  Charles  Fox 


^ 


/^^ 
^ 


Christopher  Gerrard 


Charles  Gibbons 


No  address 


Portgall  St. 


CH(      James  Chadwick 

John  Chartier 
John  Chartier 
William  Charnelhouse 
John  Chamberlen 
Pierre  Le  Cheaube 
[CH]     1  Charles  Hatfield 


^       Caleb  Hill 


Maiden  Lane 


Hennings  Row 


Gutter  Lane 


Maiden  Lane 


Pell  Mell 


St.  Martins  Lane 


Clerkenwel 


DATE 
1739 

1741 
1752 

1771 
1822 

1720 


St.  Martins  le  Grand        1732 


1697 


Hennings  Row     1699 


1709 


1703 


1704 


1707 


1727 


1728 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


241 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


ED 


rci3 


Christian  Hilland 
Charles  Hatfield 
Charles  Hillan 
Charles  Hougham 
Charles  Jackson 
Charles  Jackson 
Charles  Johnson 
Charles  Kandler 
Jonah  Clifton 
Richard  Clarke 
John  Clifton 
Henry  Clarke 
Niccolaus  Clausen 
Niccolaus  Clausen 

Joseph  Clare 


Earl  St. 


1736 


St.  Martins  Lane       1739 


Compton  St.  Soho    1741 


Aldersgate  St. 


Cannon  St. 


Swithlns  Lane 


1785 


1720 


17S9 


Gunpowder  Alley      1743 


Jermyn  St. 
Tower  St. 
Minories 
Foster  Lane 

Foster  Lane 

Orange  St. 

Lester  Fields 

Orange  St. 

Lester  Fields 

Wood  St. 


1778 

1703 
1708 
1708 
1709 
1709 

1716 
1713 


242 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


ED 


John  Clarke 


^^       Charles  Laughton 


CD 


^ 


Charles  Martin 
Charles  Martin 

Charles  Miegr 
Robert  Cooper 
Stephen  Coleman 
Edward  Courthope 
John  Cole 
Lawrence  Coles 
John  Cove 
Henry  Collins 
George  Cox 

John  Cooke 
John  Cory 


Foster  Lane  1722 

Bedfordbury  1741 

Field  Lane  1729 

No  address  1740 

Porter  St.  1767 

Strand  1697 

Little  Britian  1697 

Bishopgate  St.  1697 

Silver  St.  1697 

Foster  Lane  1697 

Bristol  1698 

Maiden  Lane  1698 

Carey  Lane  1698 

Strand  1699 

Fleet  St.  1697 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


243 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


(Q§) 


Thomas  Corbett 


John  Corasey 


John  Cope 


Matthew  Cooper 


Edward  Cornock 


Augustus  Courtauld 


John  Corporow 


CM      Isaac  Cornasseau 


CO]    ,  Matthew  Cooper 


^S      Charles  Peries 


fcjp)       Charles  Perrin 


©) 


John  Crutcher 


Paul  Crespin 


Paul  Crespin 


St.  Martins  Lane 
Foster  Lane 
Oate  Lane 
Foster  Lane 

Carey  Lane 

St.  Martins  Lane 

Princes  St. 
Drewrey  Lane 
Minories 
Macclesfield  St. 
Covent  Garden 


Jonathan  Crutchfieid        Garlich  Hill 


East  Smithfield 


Compton  St.  Soho 


1699 
1701 
1701 
1702 

1707 
1708 

1716 

1722 

1725 

1727 

1731 

1697 
1706 

1720 


Compton  St.  Soho    1739 


244 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


gw 


Charles  Sprage 


Constantine  Teulings 


Charles  Woodward 


Charles  Wright 


Christopher  Woods 


Louys  Curry 


Daniel  Cunningham 


Isaac  Davenport 


Andrew  Dalton 


Isaac  Dalton 


Josiah  Daniel 


William  Darker 


Fleurant  David 


David  Bell 


William  Denny  & 
John  Bathe 


Chapel  Court 


Dean  St. 


Tooley  St. 


Ave  Maria  Lane 


King  St.  Soho 


Panton  St. 


Longacre 


Gutter  Lane 


Ball  Alley 

Lombard  St. 


St.  Martins  Lane 


Wood  St. 


Foster  Lane 


Green  St. 


Ironmonger  Row 


Dove  Court 

Lombard  St. 


1734 
1755 
1741 
1775 
1775 

1703 

1716 
1697 

1708 
1711 
1714 
1718 

1724 
1756 

1697 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


243 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


DD 


few 


Daniel  Cunningham  Longacre 


m^ 


Daniel  Chapman 
Daniel  Chartier 
D.  C.  Fuetes 
Daniel  Denney 
Samuel  Dell 
William  Denny 
Dinah  Gamon 
David  Hennell 
Daniel  Hayford 
David  Hennell 
David  and  Robert  Hennell 
Issaac  Dighton 
John  Diggle 
Arthur  Dicken 


Bunhill  Row 
Hemings  Row 
Chelsea 


1720 
1722 
1740 
1753 


St.  Martins  le  Grand  1'786 

Watlin  St.  1897 

Swithins  Lane  1^97 

i 

Staining  Lane  '   1*740 

Gutter  Lane  1736 

Bartlemy  Close  1739 

Gutter  Lane  1740 

Foster  Lane  1783 

Gutter  Lane  1697 

Strand  1697 

Strand  1720 


246 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


m 

A 


r<fi 


DPWl 


LRJ 


D  S 


Dike  Impey 
Dike  Impey 
John  Delmestre 
David  Mowden 
Dorothy  Mills 
John  Downes 
Daniel  Piers 
Daniel  Pontifex 
Dobson,  Prior  and  Williams 
Daniel  Shaw 

Dorothy  Sarbit 

Daniel  Smith  and 
Robert  Sharp 

Daniel  Smith  and 
Robert  Sharp 

Daniel  Smith  and 
Robert  Sharp 

David  Tanquery 


Staining  Lane  1727 

Noble  St.  1736 

Whitechapel  1755 

Noble  St.  1738 

Saffron  Hill  1752 

Wood  St.  1697 

Spur  St.  1746 

Hosier  Lane  1794 

Paternoster  Row  1755 

Great  Arthur  St.  1748 

Saffron  Hill  1753 

Aldermanbury  1764 

Aldermanbury  1777 

Westmorland  1  won 

Buildings  1780 

Pall  Mail  1720 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


247 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DU 
NH 


IDWI 


(3 


i: 


Duncan  Urquhart  and 
Napthali  Hart 

David  Willaume 
David  Willaume 
David  Willaume 
Dennis  Wilks 
Dennis  Wilks 
Dennis  Wilks 


Dennis  Wilks  and 
John  Foray 


Edward  Dymond 
John  Eastt 

Edward  Aldridge 

Edward  Aldridge  and 
John  Stamper 

Edward  Bennett 


No  address 
St.  James  St. 
St.  James  St. 
No  address 
Old  St. 
Old  St. 
Old  St. 
Fore  Lane 
St.  Mary  Hill 

Foster  Lane 
Lillypot  Lane 
Foster  Lane 
Little  Britian 


Edmund  Bodington        ,  Foster  Lane 


IebJ       Eraye  Berthet 


Charing  Cross 


DATE 

1791 
1720 
1728 

1739 
1737 

1739 

1747 
1753 
1722 

1697 
1739 
1757 

1727 

1727 

1728 


248 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


id) 


m 


Elizabeth  Buteux 

Edward  Bennett 
Edward  Bennett 
Edward  Bennett 
John  Eckfourd 
Edward  Cornock 
Edward  Conen 
John  Eckford 
Ebenezer  Coker 
Ebenezer  Coker 
Elias  Cachart 
Richard  Edwards 
Edward  Dymond 
John  Edwards 
Edward  Dowdall 


Norris  St. 

St.  James 

Noble  St. 


1731 
1731 


on  London  Bridge    1739 


on  London  Bridge    1758 


Drury  Lane 

1720 

Carey  Lane 

1723 

Carey  Lane 

1724 

Tun  Court 

1725 

Cierkenweli 

1738 

Clerkenwell 

1739 

Long  Acker 

1748 

Gutter  Lane 

1716 

St.  IVIary  Hill 

1722 

St.  Swithins  Lane 


Clerkenwell 


1724 


1751 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


249 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


ES 


ew 


ra 


[ErF] 


Edward  Dowdall 
Edward  Dobson 
Edward  Darvill 

Edward  Dobson 

John  Edwards  and 
George  Pitcher 

Edith  Flecker 
Edward  French 
Edward  Feline 
Edward  Fennell 
Edward  Gibbon 
Elizabeth  Goodwin 
Elizabeth  Godfrey 
Edward  Hall 

Elizabeth  Hartley 
Edward  Jennings 


Clerkenwell 
Fleet  St. 
Watling  St. 


1751 
1755 
1757 


Old  St.  Square  I'^'^S 


St.  Swithins  Lane 
Foster  Lane 

Bennets  Court 

King  St. 

Covent  Garden 

Foster  Lane 
Lad  Lane 
Noble  St. 
Haymarket 
Maiden  Lane 

Mays  Building 
Little  Britain 


1723 


1729 


1734 


1734 


1780 


1723 


1729 


1741 


1720 


1748 


1720 


2^0 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


Elizabeth  Jackson 
Edward  Jay 
Edward  Lamb 
Edward  Lowe 
Edward  Malluson 
Edward  Medlycott 
Thomas  England 


W.  England  and 
Thonnas  Vaen 


Elizabeth  Oldfield 
Stephen  Edmonds 
Edmund  Pearce 
Edward  Peacock 
Edward  Pocock 
Etienne  Rougent 
Emick  Romer 


Paternoster  Row  1748 

Strand  1757 

Castle  St.  1740 

Mortlake  1777 

Shoe  Lane  1743 

Foster  Lane  1748 

Long-  Acre  1725 

Bow  Lane  1714 
Cheapside 

Paternoster  Row  1748 

Pall  Mall  1700 

Strand  1720 

Strand  1724 

Foster  Lane  1728 

St.  Annes,  Soho  1731 

High  Holborn  1763 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


251 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


mm 
lEYl 


Elizabeth  Roker 


Ernest  Sieber 


Elizabeth  Tuite 


Edward  Vincent 


Edward  Vincent 


Thomas  Ewisden 


Edward  Wood 


Edward  Wood 


Edward  Wood 


Edward  Wakelin 


Edward  Yorke 


William  Fawdery 


Hester  Fawdery 


John  Fawdery 


William  Fawdery 


Bishopsgate  St. 


Crown  St. 


York  Buildings 


Dean  St.  Holborn 


Dean  St.  Holborn 


St.  Martins  le  Grand 


Puddle  Dock 

1722 

Carey  Lane 

1735 

Carey  Lane 

1740 

Panton  St. 

1747 

King  St. 

Westminster 

1730 

Goldsmith  St. 

1720 

Goldsmith  St. 

1727 

Foster  Lane 

1697 

Goldsmith  St. 

1698 

1776 


1746 


1741 


1721 


1739 


1713 


2^2 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


(g) 


FD 


William  Fawdery 


Thomas  Fawler 


Thomas  Ffarren 


John  Farnell 


Franpois  Butty  and 
Nicholas  Dumee 


Francis  Crump 
Francis  Crump 
Francis  Crump 
Fleurant  David 
Edward  Feline 
Francis  Garthorne 
Francis  Garthorne 
John  Field 
Frederick  Kandler 
Frederick  Kandler 


Goldsmith  St. 


1700 


Bull  and  Mouth  St.      I    1707 


Sweethings  Lane      1707 


St.  Annes  Lane 
Clerkenwell  Close 
Newcastle  St. 
Newcastle  St. 
Gutter  Lane 

Lester  Fields 

Rose  St. 

Covent  Garden 


1714 


1759 


1741 


1750 


1756 


1724 


1720 


Sweethins  Lane        1695 


Sweethins  Lane 
Maiden  Lane 

German  St. 

St.  James 

Harmon  St. 


1696 


1701 


1735 


1739 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


253 


MAKER 

LOCATION 

DATE 

^ 

Francis  Nelme 

Ave  Mary  Lane 

1739 

r^ 

Frederich  Knopfell 
Frederick  Kandler 
William  Flemingr 

Windmill  St. 
Jermyn  St. 

Cripplegate  without 

1752 

1777 
1697 

3^K 

Wh 

dp 

John  Fletcher 

Silver  St. 

1700 

Iffl 

John  Flight 

Foster  Lane 

1710 

if' 

Thomas  Folkingham 

Sweethings  Lane 

1706 

(¥«) 

William  Fordham 

Lumbard  St. 

1706 

iFPl 

Francis  Pages 
Francis  Pages 

Orange  St. 
Orange  St. 

1729 
1739 

& 

m 

William  Francis 

St.  Martins  Lane 

1697 

m 

Joshua  Frensham 

Shoe  Lane 

1707 

® 

James  Fraillon 
Ralph  Frith 

Francis  Spilsbury 

Maiden  Lane 
Shoreditch 

Foster  Lane 

1710 
1728 

1729 

(FRI 

^ 

254 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


rs 


Francis  Spilsbury 
Francis  Stamp 
Francis  Turner 
Frederick  Vonham 
Fuller  White 
Francis  Waysmith 
Fuller  White 


(^@    ;  Fuller  White 
|^q5j)    i  William  Gamble 

Daniel  Garnice 
(i^XS       George  Garthorne 
'©■(        Francis  Garthorne 
Francis  Garthorne 
George  Andrews 
George  Bryden 


Foster  Lane 


Cheapside 


St.  Anns  Lane 


George  St. 


Noble  St. 


1739 
1780 
1720 
1752 
1744 


Kings  Arms  Court    1757 


Noble  St. 


Noble  St. 


Foster  Lane 


Pall  Mall 


Keyre  Lane 


Sweethins  Lane 


1758 


1762 


1697 


1697 


1697 


1697 


Sweethins  Lane        1711 


Red  Lion  St. 


Maiden  Lane 


1763 


1720 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


2^5 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


§fi 


Sal 


iGCl 


George  Brome 


George  Baskerville 


^       George  Boothby 


George  Baskerville 


|(5B|       George  Bindon 


[Q]g|       George  Bell 


George  Baskerville  and 
William  Sampel 


George  Baskerville  and 
T.  Morley 


George  Campar 


George  Cowles 


Christopher  Gerrard 


Griffith  Edwards 


Griffith  Edwards 


George  Fayle 


OG)       George  Gillingham 


Fetter  Lane 
Shandoy  St. 
Temple  Bar 
Cock  St. 

Theobalds  Court 

Bell  Court 

Foster  Lane 

Clare  Market 
Albion  Buildings 

Cripplegate 
Cornhill 
Portgall  St. 
Hemlock  Court 
Hemlock  Court 
Wilderness  Lane 
Giltspur  St. 


1726 
1738 
1739 
1745 
1749 

1750 
1755 
1775 
1740 
1797 
1719 
1732 
1739 

1767 
1721 


2^6 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


(GHl 


Iwcj 


George  Hodges 


George  Hindmarsh 


George  Hindmarsh 


George  Hindmarsh 


George  Hunter 


George  Hunter 


George  Hunter 

George  Heming  and 
Wm.  Chawner 


George  Heming  and 
Wm.  Chawner 


William  Gibson 


Edward  Gibson 


William  Gimber 


John  Gibbons 


George  Gilllngham 


Richard  Gines 


Charles  St. 


Blackfriars 
Glasshouse  St. 
Noble  St. 
Little  Britian 

Shoe  Lane 
Bond  St. 
Bond  St. 

Carey  Lane 
Bishopsgate  St. 

Ratcllff  Highway 
Foster  Lane 
Strand 

Lumbard  St. 


1728 


St.  Martins  le  Grand        1731 


1735 
1739 
1748 
1735 
1765 
1774 
1781 
1697 
1697 

1697 
1700 
1706 
1717 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


2^7 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


IGMI 


ha 


George  Gillingham 
Edward  Gibbon 
Glover  Johnson,  Jr. 
George  Jones 
George  Jones 
George  Ibbott 
Thomas  Gladwin 
George  Methuen 
George  Morris 
George  Morris 
Gawen  Nash 
Gawen  Nash 
George  Natter 
William  Gossen 
John  Goode 


Guilford  St. 
Aldersgate  St. 
Maiden  Lane 
Foster  Lane 
Foster  Lane 
Plough  Court 
Lumbard  St. 
Hennings  Row 
Well  Close  Square 
Foster  Lane 
Wood  St. 
Carey  Lane 
Fleet  St. 
Foster  Lane 
Hennings  Row 


1718 
1719 
1720 
1724 
1738 
1753 

1717 
1743 
1750 
1751 
1726 
1739 

1773 
1700 

1701 


2^8 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


i 


*' 


James  Goodwin 
James  Goodwin 
IVIeshacl<  Goodwin 
James  Gould 
Phillip  Goddard 
William  Gould 
Dorothy  Grant 
Nathaniel  Greene 
Henry  Greene 
David  Green 
Richard  Greene 
Samuel  Green 
Gundry  Roode 
Gundry  Roode 
George  Ridout 


Foster  Lane 


Foster  Lane 


Fauster  Lane 


Gutter  Lane 


Fountain  Court 


Foster  Lane 


Southwark 


Gold  St. 


Foster  Lane 


Foster  Lane 


Ball  Alley 

Lombard  St. 


Golden  Lane 


Lombard  St. 


1710 


1710 


1723 


1734 


1697 


St.  Martins  Lane       1698 


1700 


1701 


1703 


1721 


Stayning  Lane  1721 


1737 


1743 


». 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


259 


MAKER 


EH 


GRI   '  G.  Rodenbostel 


iGS)      George  Squire 


Gabriel  Sleath 

Gabriel  Sleath 
George  Smith 

George  Smith 
George  Smith 

George  Smith,  Jr. 

Gabriel  Sleath  and 
Francis  Crumpe 

G.  &  S.  Smith 


George  Smitii  and 
Thomas  Hayton 


George  Smith  and 
William  Fearn 


John  Guerrie 


Nathaniel  Gulliver 


George  Wickes 


Mi 


OS 
TH 


G6 


LOCATION 


Piccadilly 


Fleet  St. 


Gutter  Lane 


Gutter  Lane 


Gutter  Lane 


Gutter  Lane 


No  address 

Gutter  Lane 
Foster  Lane 

No  address 
No  address 
Strand 
Gutter  Lane 


DATE 


1778 


1720 


1720 


1739 


1732 


1739 


Bartholomew  Close        1774 


1799 

1753 
1751 

1792 
1786 
1717 
1722 


Threadneedle  St.      1721 


26o 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


flta 


George  Weir 
George  Wickes 
George  Wickes 
George  Wintle 
George  Young 

George  Young 
George  Young 

Benjamin  Harris 

George  Havers 

Samuel  Hawkes 

Peeter  Harrache 
Peeter  Harache,  Jr. 

Job  Hanks 

Paul  Hanet 

Paul  Hanet 


Hemings  Row 
Panton  St. 
Panton  St. 

Angel  St. 
Glasshouse  St. 

Moorfields 
Moorfields 
Temple  Bar 

Lillypot  Lane 
Bishopgate  St. 

Suffolk  St. 

Compton  St., 

Soho 

St.  Martins  Lane 
Great  St.  Andrews  St. 
Great  St.  Andrews  St, 


1727 
1735 
1739 

1787 
1723 

1746 
1746 
1697 
1697 
1697 
1698 
1698 

1699 
1715 
1715 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


261 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


John  Harris 


HA|     Paul  Hanet 


Ea 


m 


HB 


[HB 


iic; 


HC 


(HC) 


Edward  Hall 


Charles  Hatfield 


Hugh  Arnell 


Henry  Bates 


Henry  Bates 


Henry  Brind 


Henry  Bailey 


Hester  Bateman 


Henry  Clark 


Henry  Clark 


Henry  Corry 


Henry  Cowper 


Henry  Chawner 


Foster  Lane 


Great  St.  Andrews  St, 


Maiden  Lane 


St.  Martins  Lane      1727 


1716 


1717 


1720 


King  St.,  Soho 


Widegate  St. 


Widegate  St. 


Foster  Lane 


Foster  Lane 


Bunhill  Row 


Foster  Lane 


St.  Anne's  Lane 


Aldersgate  St. 


Whitehall 


1734 


1738 


1739 


1742 


1750 


1774 


1720 


1722 


1754 


1782 


Paternoster  Row     1736 


262 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


IHCI 


HG 


XX 


m 


Henry  Chawner  and 
John  Ernes 


Henry  Dell 


Henry  Dutton 


John  Hely 


Joshua  Healey 


Henry  Greene 


Henry  Greenway 


Henry  Green 


Henry  Herbert 


Henry  Herbert 


Henry  Herbert 


Henry  Herbert 


Henry  Herbert 


Henry  Haynes 


William  Hinton 


Amen  Corner  1796 


Moor  St.  1722 


Green  St.  1754 


St.  Martins  Lane      16S9 


Foster  Lane  1725 


Gold  St.  1720 


Giltspur  St.  1775 


No  address  1786 


Lester  Fields  1734 


Lester  Fields  1735 


Lester  Fields  1739 


Dean  St.,  Soho         1747 


Dean  St.,  Soho         1747 


Little  Windmill  St.  1749 


Red  Cross  St.  1704 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


263 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


Em) 

fJOil 


Samuel  Hitchcock 
Robert  Hill 
Edmund  Hickman 
Henry  Miller 
Henry  Morris 
Henry  Morris 
Hugh  Mills 


HNj        Henry  Nutting- 


HN 


die) 


Hannah  Northcote 


John  Hodson 


Samuel  Hood 


Francis  Hoyte 


Samuel  Hood 


Thomas  Holland 


Edward  Holaday 


Gutter  Lane 
St.  Swithings  Lane 

Foster  Lane 
Noble  St. 
Smithfield 
Fleet  St. 
Saffron  Hill 
Noble  St. 
No  address 
Wapping 
Maiden  Lane 
Glostershire 
Maiden  Lane 

Fleet  St. 
Grafton  St. 


1712 
1716 
1719 
1720 
1739 
1739 
1745 
1796 

1798 
1697 

1697 
1697 
1697 

1707 
1709 


264 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


m 


Jo 


m 


John  Holland 
John  Holland 

Sarah  Holaday 

Hodgkis 

John  Hopkins 

George  Hodges 
Humphry  Payne 
Harvey  Price 
Humphry  Payne 

Hugh  Spring 
Richard  Hutchinson 
Rene  Hudell 

Samuel  Hutton 

Alexander  Hudson 

John  Humphry 


Foster  Lane  1711 

Foster  Lane  1711 

Grafton  St.  1719 

Dove  Gourt  1719 

St.  Brides  Lane  1720 

Charles  St.  1728 

Gutter  Lane  1720 

Wine  St.  1726 

Cheapside  1739 

Foster  Lane  1722 

Colchester  1399 

Green  St.  1717 

Noble  St.  1724 

Bull  &  Mouth  St.  1704 

St.  Martins  le  Grand  1710 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


265 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


m 


^ 


M.7 


Charles  Jackson 
Henry  Jay 

Jeconiah  Ashley 
John  Alderhead 
John  Allen 
John  Aspinshaw 

James  Allen 
Joseph  Adams 

Jonathan  Alleine 

A.  J.  Calame 


Joseph  Allen  and 
Mordecai  Fox 


Joseph  Allen  and 
Mordecai  Fox 


John  Buckett 


John  Bromley 


John  Betts 


Cannon  St. 


Ball  Alley, 

Lombard  St. 


Green  St. 


Bishopgate  St. 


Carthusian  St. 


Whltechapel 


Chancery  Lane 


Walsall 


Fenchurch  St. 


Exeter  Change 


St.  Swithins  Lane 


St.  Swithins  Lane 


St.  James  St. 


Foster  Lane 


Holbourn 


1714 


1720 


1740 


1750 


1761 


1763 


1766 


1772 


1772 


1764 


1729 


1739 


1775 


1720 


1720 


266 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


IB) 


(S) 


J.  Burridgre 
Joseph  Barbitt 

John  Bignell 
John  Bathe 
James  Burne 
Joseph  Bird 
James  Brooker 
John  Barbe 
John  Bryan 
John  Barrett 
John  Berthellot 

Joseph  Barbitt 
John  Bryan 

John  Barbe 

John  Barrett 


Foster  Lane 

New  St., 

Covent  Garden 

Stainers  Lane 


No  address 
Bedfordbury 
Foster  Lane 
Fleet  St. 

West  St., 

Seven  Dials 

Fanner  Alley, 

Newgate  St. 

Castle  St. 


1730 
1720 

1720 

1721 
1724 

1724 
1734 
1735 
1735 
1737 


Peter  St.,  Holborn    1739 


New  St., 

Covent  Garden 

Bunhill  Row 


West  St., 

Seven  Dials 

Fethers  Court, 

Holborn 


1739 
1739 

1739 
1739 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


267 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


IB 


Tb] 


m 


w 


IB 
EB 


(mo 


John  Barbe 


James  Betham 


Joseph  Barker 


John  Berthellot 


\S^       John  Bayley 


Joseph  Bell 


John  Barry 


J.  Basingrwhite 


John  Brown 


John  Broughton 


John  Belden 


James  and 

Elizabeth  Bland 


Joseph  B.  Orme 


John  Corosey 


Joseph  Ciare 


West  St., 

Seven  Dials 


Stainingr  Lane 


Strand 


Cow  Cross 


Wood  St. 


Carey  St. 


1742 
1743 
1746 
1750 
1751 
1756 


Paternoster  Row      1758 


Russell  St. 


Bartholomew  Close 


Little  Britain 


Paternoster  Row      1784 


1770 


1774 


1779 


Bunhill  Row 


Manchester 


Foster  Lane 


Wood  St. 


1794 


1796 


1701 


1720 


268 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


Jonah  Clifton 
Joseph  Clare 
John  Clarke 

Isaac  Cornasseau 

!?&     John  Chartier 
Isaac  Callard 

John  Chapman 
Isaac  Callard 
I  Q\     John  Cann 
John  Cafe 
John  Cafe 
John  Carman 
John  Carman 
John  Collins 
John  Carter 


m 


© 


Tower  St. 


Lumber  St. 


Foster  Lane 


Drewery  Lane 


Hemings  Row 


King  St.,  St.  Giles 


Noble  St. 


Tatnum  Court  Road 


Bridgewater  Gardens 


Foster  Lane 


Foster  Lane 


New  St. 


New  St. 

Hind  Court, 

Fleet  St. 


Bartholomew  Close 


1720 
1721 
1722 
1722 
1723 
1726 
1730 
1739 
1740 
1740 

1742 
1748 
1752 
1754 

1772 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


269 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


m 


«^ 


(^ 


IE 


John  Crouch  and 
Thomas  Hannan 


Isaac  Duke 
Jabez  Daniell 

John  Darwall 

John  Deacon 

Jane  Dorrell  and 
Richard  May 

Thomas  and 

Jabez  Daniel 

Samuel  Jeffreys 

Thomas  Jenkins 
Edward  Jennings 
John  Eckfourd 

Edward  Jennings 
John  East 
John  Edwards 
John  Eckford 


Giltspur  St. 


Witch  St. 


Carey  Lane 


Red  Lion  Square 


Greenhills  Rents 


Quakers  Building 


Carey  Lane 


Wapping,  Old  Stayres 


Essex  St. 


Tower  St., 

Seven  Dials 


Drury  Lane 


Little  Britain 


No  address 


St.  Swithins  Lane 


Tun  Court 


1766 
1743 
1749 
1768 
1776 
1771 
1772 
1697 

1697 
1709 
1720 

1720 

1721 

1724 
1726 


270 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 

LOCATION 

DATE 

£^ 

John  Edward 

Swithins  Lane 

1739 

m 

John  Eckford 

Red  Cross  St. 

1739 

^ 

1 

T 
1 
i 

John  Edwards 
John  Eaton 

Swithins  Lane 
Gutter  Lane 

1753 
1760 

\ 

IE 

I-E 

John  Edwards 

Jewin  St. 

1788 

OP 

John  Farnell 

St.  Annes  Lane 

1720 

m 

James  Fraillon 

Lanchester  St. 

1723 

% 

Jacob  Foster 

Southwark 

1726 

I^ 

John  Flavin 

Maiden  Lane 

1726 

im 

John  Ffawdery 

Hemenes  Row 

1729 

!.Pl 

John  Fossey 

Gutter  Lane 

1733 

liij 

John  Fray 

Crown  Court 

1748 

|IF 

John  Fray 

Field  Lane 

1756 

m 

John  Frost 

Cornhill 

1757 

1^ 

John  Frost 

Cornhill 

1757 

MAKERS'    MARKS 


271 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


^ 


I-F 
I-B 


m 


OS) 


J.  Fayle 


John  Fountain 


John  Fray  and 
Fuller  White 


John  Fountain  and 
John  Beadnell 


James  Gould 

John  Gibbons 
John  Gorsuch 

John  Gamon 

John  Gorham 
Jeffrey  Griffith 

James  Gould 
John  Gahegan 

James  Gould 
John  Gorham 


John  Gimblett  and 
William  Vale 


Wilderness  Lane 


Aldersgrate  St. 


Noble  St. 


Aldersgate  St. 


Gutter  Lane 


Red  Lion  St. 


Leetle  East  Cheap 


Gutter  Lane 


Gutter  Lane 


Stayning  Lane 


Gutter  Lane 


St.  Martins  Le  Grand 


Ave  Mary  Lane 


Gutter  Lane 


Birmingham 


1772 


1792 


1750 


1793 


1722 


1723 


1726 


1728 


1730 


1731 


1732 


1734 


1741 


1757 


1770 


272 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


SH! 


wm 


IH 


John  Holland 

John  Hopkins 
Joshua  Holland 

Joshua  Healy 
John  Harwood 
John  Holland 
John  Harvey 

John  Hyatt 
Jeremiah  King- 
John  Higgrinbotham 
John  Harvey 
John  Harvey 
John  Harvey 
Joseph  Heriot 
John  Hague 


Bishopsgate  St.         1720 


St.  Brides  Lane         1720 


Foster  Lane  1720 


Foster  Lane  1725 


Basing  Lane  1739 


Bishopsgate  St.         1739 


Gutter  Lane  1739 


Little  Britain  1741 


Foster  Lane  1742 


Rosemary  Lane        1745 


Gutter  Lane  1745 


Gutter  Lane  1745 


Gutter  Lane  1745 


Gt.  St.  Andrews  St.         1750 


Noble  St.  1758 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


273 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


El 

(H) 

m 

m 


James  Hunt 


John  Hutson 


John  Harris 


Joseph  Hardy 


Joseph  Hardy  and 
Thomas  Loundes 


John  Jones 
John  Jones 

James  Jenkins 
John  Jones 
John  Jacob 
James  Jenkins 
John  Jacobs 
John  Jacobs 
James  Jones 
Jeremiah  King 


'^'"?>&'..«iH«  1760 

Cheapside 


St.  John  Square        1784 


Monkwell  St.  1786 


Clements  Lane         1799 


No  address  1798 


Maiden  Lane  1723 


Rotherhithe  1729 


Gutter  Lane  1731 


St.  Martins  Le  Grand      1733 


Hemingrs  Row  1734 


Aldersgrate  1738 


Hemingrs  Row  1739 


Hemings  Row  1739 


Noble  St.  1755 


Carey  Lane  1723 


274 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


IK]      Jeremiah  King 


^Oq     John  Kineard 


Ili 


[M] 


fTRl 


It 


^ 


tS 


John  Kidder 
John  King- 
Jeremiah  King 

John  Kentenber  and 
Thomas  Groves 

John  Lingard 
John  Ludlow 
Isaac  Liger 
Jane  Lambe 
John  Liger 
Jeremiah  Lee 
John  Luff 

John  Lampfert 
John  Lampfert 


Foster  Lane  1736 

Orange  St.  1743 

Piccadilly  1780 

Fore  St.  1785 

Foster  Lane  1739 

Red  Lion  St.  1757 

Maiden  Lane  1719 

Ball  Alley  ^^^^ 
Lumbard  St. 

Hemings  Row  1720 

Shandos  St.  1729 

Hemings  Row  1730 

Watling  St.  1739 

Pemberton  Square  1739 

Windmill  St.  1748 

Windmill  St.  1748 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


275 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


ll-l^      John  Lavis 


lij     John  Laithwait 


'^Th 


John  Lee 
John  Lambe 
John  Lias 
James  Langlois 


John  Langland  and 
J.  Robertson 

John  Langford  and 
John  Sebille 


James  Margas 


James  Morson 


2^1       John  Millington 
rrMl       John  Millington 
James  Maitland 
John  Montgomery 
•-^-'       James  Manners 


m 


Bride  Lane 
Liverpool 
Bunhill  Row 
Fetter  Lane 
No  address 
St.  Andrew  St. 
Newcastle 
St.  Martin  le  Grand 

St.  Martins  Lane 

Foster  Lane 

Butcherhall  Lane 

Bishopsgate 

Suffolk  St. 

Cambridge  St 
Strand 


1749 
1755 
1782 
1783 
1799 

1738 
1780 

1759 
1720 
1720 
1720 
1728 
1728 
1729 
1734 


276 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


^A 


Jessie  McFarlane 


llMl     J.  Mackfarlen 


I*M 


IIMI 


M 


(^ 


James  Morison 


John  Montgomery 


James  Manners,  Jr. 


Jacob  Marshe 


James  Manners,  Jr. 


John  Munns 


John  F.  Moore 


John  Moore 


James  Murray  and 
Charles  Kandler 


James  Mince  and 
Wm.  Hodgkins 

John  Newton 


John  Newton 


John  Newton 


Cloth  Fair 

New  St., 

Cloth  Fair 


Bartholomew  Close        1740 


1739 
1739 


Silver  St. 
Villers  St. 
St.  Swithins  Lane 
Villers  St. 
Gutter  Lane 
Fleet  St. 
Silver  St. 

St.  Martins  Lane 

Bell  Square, 
Foster  Lane 

Lumbard  St. 
Staining-  Lane 
Maiden  Lane 


1742 
1745 
1744 
1745 
1753 
1758 
1778 
1729 
1780 

1720 
1726 
1739 


MAKERS'   MARKS 


277 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


John  Neville 


Edward  Jones 


A      Lawrence  Jones 


^ 


Grover  Johnson,  Jr. 
John  Jones 
John  Jones 

Simon  Jouet 
John  Owing" 
John  Pero 


(T^g)      John  Pollock 
[j^^pjj      James  Paltro 


John  Pollock 


John  Pont 


John  Preist 


1^0)   ;  John  Payne 


Norris  St. 
Foster  Lane 
Old  Bayley 
Maiden  Lane 
Foster  Lane 
Maiden  Lane 

Maiden  Lane 
Noble  St. 
Suffolk  St. 
Long-  Acker 
No  address 
Long  Acker 
Staining  Lane 
Salisbury  Court 

Cheapside 


1746 
1697 
1687 
1712 
1719 
1723 

1723 

1724 

1732 

1734 
1739 

1739 
1739 
1748 
1751 


278 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


J.ra     I  John  Perry 


m 
m 


IP 
IP 


m 


I»R 


Joseph  Preedy 

Joseph  Preedy 

Parker  &  Wakelin 

Jonathan  Perkins 
Senior  and  Junior 

John  Quantock 
John  Quantock 

Edward  Ironside 

Isaac  Ribonleau 

Jonathan  Robinson 
James  Richardson 

John  Robinson 

John  Robinson 

John  Roker 

John  Rowe 


Pauls  Court 

Westmorland 
Buildings 

Gt.  Newport  St. 


Panton  St. 

1759 

Hosier  Lane 

1795 

Huggin  Alley 

1734 

Wood  St. 

1753 

Lombard  St. 

1697 

St.  Martins  Lane 


Orange  St. 


Gutter  Lane 


Porter  St.,  Soho 


Lester  Fields 


1757 


1777 


1800 


1720 


1723 


1723 


1738 


1739 


Bishopsgate  St.         1743 


Gutter  Lane 


1749 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


279 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


\J Ji\      John  Richardson 
[^R]       John  Robins 


}^A       Thomas  Issod 


\  b^     Joyce  Issod 


U*$)       John  Sanders 


^J§^    I  James  Seabrook 


^\     \  James  Smith 


John  Smith 
|IS|       Joseph  Steward 
John  Le  Sage 


Joseph  Smith 


James  Savage 


Joseph  Sanders 


I  Sj       James  Slater 


Sheffield 


St.  John  St. 


Fleet  St. 


Fleet  St. 


['^       Joyce  Issod's  widow         Fleet  St 


No  address 
Wood  St. 
Foster  Lane 
Little  Britain 
Maiden  Lane 

Old  St. 

Clerkenwell 
Fetter  Lane 
Carey  Lane 


1752 
1774 

1697 
1697 
1708 
1730 
1720 
1720 
1720 
1720 

1722 
1728 

1728 
1730 


Gt.  Trinity  Lane         1732 


28o 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 

LOCATION 

DATE 

u^ 

James  Shruder 

Wardour  St. 

1737 

(S3) 

Joseph  Steward 

Maiden  Lane 

1739 

^ 

James  Shruder 

Greek  St 

1739 

John  Le  Sage 

Gt.  Suffolk  St. 

1739 

(fs) 

Joseph  Sanders 

Maiden  Lane 

1739 

}i-s{ 

John  Sprackman 
James  Smith 

Foster  Lane 
Monkwell  St. 

1741 
1744 

Jcfl 

I-§l 

James  Smith 

Old  Bailey 

1746 

|"e/.5l 

John  Schuppe 
John  Steward 
James  Stamp 

Deans  Court 
Grub  St. 
Cheapside 

1753 
1755 
1744 

(Hi) 

is| 

@ 

John  Scofield 

Bell  Yard 

1778 

<I:S) 

James  Sutton 

Cheapside 

1780 

James  Sutton  and 
Joseph  Bult 

Cheapside 

1782 

John  Hyatt  and 

Charles  Semore 

St.  Martins  Le  Grand 

1757 

MAKERS'   MARKS 


281 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


di 


m 


ITl 


IT 


IT 


a® 
m 

St) 


iw 


John  Tayler 


John  Tayler 


John  Tuite 


John  Tuite 


Joseph  Timberlake 


James  Tookey 


Job  Tripp 


John  Townsend 


John  Tayleur 


John  Townsend 


John  Tweedie 


John  Thompson 


John  Wisdome 


James  Wilkes 


John  White 


Gutter  Lane 


Gutter  Lane 


Blackfriars 


Litchfield  St., 

Soho 

Castle  St. 


Noble  St. 
St.  Martins  Lane 
Grays  Inn  Road 
Newgate  St. 
Bath 

Holywell  St. 
Sunderland 
Watling  St. 

Golden  Lane 
Arundale  St. 


1728 
1734 
1721 

1739 
1743 
1750 
1754 
1755 

1755 
1783 
1783 
1785 
1720 
1722 
1724 


282 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


w 


|I«W 
IR'Gr 


I-Y 


James  Wilkes 
Wichehaller 
John  White 
James  West 
James  Wilmot 
John  Wirgrman 
James  Williams 

John  Wren 

John  Wakelin  and 
Robert  Garrard 

John  Wakelin  and 
William  Tayler 

William  Juson 
J.  Verlander 
James  Youngr 


James  Young  and 
Orlando  Jackson 


John  Jackson 


St.  Mary  Ax 
Deptford 
Green  St. 
Foster  Lane 
Strand 
Strand 


1728 
1728 

1739 
1739 
1741 
1745 


Paternoster  Row      1755 


Bishopsg-ate  St. 


Panton  St. 


Panton  St. 


Foster  Lane 


1777 


1792 


1776 


1704 


Artichoke  Court        1739 


Aldersgrate  St. 


Aldersgate  St. 


Fleet  St. 


1775 


1774 


1697 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


283 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


(H 


L2G| 


m 


John  Baker 
John  Denzilow 
John  Ernes 

Jonathan  Fossy 
James  Goodwin 
John  Gamon 
James  Gould 
James  Gould 
John  Harwood 


(J  ]^\      John  Lambe 

2')W      James  Manners 
John  Pero 
Isabel  Pero 
John  Swift 
John  Swift 


Old  Bailey 

Westmorland 

Buildings 

Amen  Corner 


Wood  St. 
Noble  St. 
Staining  Lane 
Gutter  Lane 
Gutter  Lane 

Bunhiil  Row 
Fetter  Lane 

Strand 

Orange  Court 
Orange  Court 
Noble  St. 
Noble  St. 


1770 
1774 
1798 
1739 
1721 
1739 
1739 
1743 
1739 
1791 
1739 
1739 

1741 
1739 
1757 


284 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


James  Wilkes 

Charles  Kandler 

Frederick  Kandler 

Charles  Kandler  and 
James  Murray 

William  Keatt 
William  Keatt 
Robert  Kempton 
John  Keigwin 
Robert  Keble 
Jonah  Kirke 
Jeremiah  King 
David  Killmaine 
John  Laugrhton 
Jonathan  Lambe 
John  Ladyman 


Fell  St.  1739 

St.  Martins  Lane  1727 

German  St.  1735 

St.  Martins  Lane  1729 

Foster  Lane  1697 

East  Smithfield  1697 

Foster  Lane  1710 

Snow  Hill  1710 

Foster  Lane  1710 

Carman  St.  1697 

Carey  Lane  1723 

Snow  Hill  1715 

Maiden  Lane  1697 

On  London  Bridge  1697 

Sherborn  Lane  1697 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


285 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


Paul  Lamarie 
George  Lam  be 
Thomas  Langford 

Jane  Lambe 

Louis  Black 

Louisa  Courtauld  and 
Samuel  Courtauld 

Louis  Dupont 
Lewis  Dupont 
Louis  De  Lisle 


gU)3|      Louis  Ducommien 


m\ 


John  Leach 
Timothy  Ley 
Ralph  Leeke 

George  Lewis 
Samuel  Lee 


Windmill  St. 
Hemings  Row 
Lumbard  St. 

Shandos  St. 
Haymarket 
Cornhill 
Wardour  St. 

Compton  St. 
Angel  Court 
Rathbone  Place 
Distaff  Lane 
Fenchurch  St. 
Covent  Garden 


New  Exchange, 
Strand 

Newgate  St. 


1712 
1713 

1715 

1719 
1761 
1777 
1736 

1739 
1773 
1775 
1697 
1697 
1697 

1699 
1701 


286 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


ImXhI 


M. 


m 

ES 


o 


Samuel  Lea 
Petley  Lee 
Louis  Guichard 
Lewis  Hamon 
Lewis  Hamon 

Lewis  Hamon 

Lewis  Heme  and 
Francois  Butty 

Isaac  Liger 
John  Lingard 
John  Lingard 
Lawrence  Johnson 
Luke  Kendall 
Louis  Laroche 
Louis  Laroche 
Lewis  Mettayer 


No  address 


Within  Aidgrate 


King  St. 


Gt.  Newport  St. 


Church  St.,  Soho 


Church  St.,  Soho 


Clerkenwell  Close 


1711 


1715 


1748 


1735 


1738 


1739 


1757 


Hemings  Row  1701 


Fish  St. 
Maiden  Lane 
Strand 
Wood  St. 
Seven  Dials 
Lumber  Court 
Pali  Mall 


1718 
1719 
1751 
1772 

1725 
1739 
1720 


MAKERS'   MARKS 


287 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


m 


@) 


Seth  Lofthouse 


Nathaniel  Lock 


Robert  Lovell 


Matthew  E.  Lofthouse 


William  Looker 


Lewis  Ouvry 


Lewis  Pantin 


Lewis  Pantin 


William  Lukin 


John  Ludlow 


William  Mathew 


Mathew  Madden 


William  Matthews 


Willoughby  Masham 


Jonathan  Madden 


Bishopsgate 
Cripplegate 
Maiden  Lane 

Temple  Bar 

Carey  Lane 

New  St., 

Covent  Garden 

Castle  St. 
Leicester  Fields 
Gutter  Lane 
Without  Aldgate 

Foster  Lane 
Lumbard  St. 


George  Alley, 

Lombard  St. 

Newgate  St. 


Lombard  St. 


1697 
1698 
1702 

1703 
1713 
1740 

1733 
1739 
1699 
1713 

1697 
1697 
1700 

1701 
1702 


288 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 

LOCATION 

DATE 

^ 

Jacob  Margas 

St.  Martins  Lane 

1706 

^ 

Mary  Mathew 

George  Alley 

1707 

^ 

Isaac  Malyn 

Gutter  Lane 

1710 

Ima) 

John  Matthew 

Ball  Alley 

1710 

# 

William  Mathew 
Thomas  Mann 

Mlnories 
Foster  Lane 

1711 
1713 

H^ 

MAJ 

Samuel  Margas 

St.  Martins  Lane 

1714 

IM^ 

Thomas  Mason 

Sherborn  Lane 

1716 

^ 

Michael  Boult 

Cheapside 

1720 

<^^ 

Matthew  Brodier 

Newport  Alley 

1751 

^ 

Matthew  Cooper 
Matthew  Cooper 
Mark  Cripps 
Marmaduke  Daintry 

Foster  Lane 
Minories 
St.  James  St. 
Noble  St. 

1702 
1725 
1767 
1739 

iMCi 

|Me) 

liftfltti 

r*^ 

Marmaduke  Daintry 

Noble  St. 

1739 

MAKERS'    MARKS 


289 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


^ 
^ 


Lewis  Mettayer 


M.  Arnot  and 

E.  Pococke 

Mordecai  Fox 


Magdalen  Feline 
Matthew  Ferris 
Meshach  Godwin 
William  Middleton 
Henry  Miller 
John  Millington 
Mary  Johnson 
Mathew  E.  Lofthouse 
Mary  Lofthouse 
Andrew  Moore 
Mary  Makemaid 
Hezekiah  Mountfort 


Pell  Mell  1700 


Foster  Lane  1720 


Swithins  Lane  1746 


Covent  Garden         1753 


Llllypot  Lane  1759 


Fauster  Lane  1723 


Leadenhall  St.  1697 


Bow  Lane  1714 


Butcherhall  St.  1718 


Noble  St.  1727 


Temple  Bar  1721 


Maiden  Lane  1731 


Bridewell  1697 


Shoe  Lane  1773 


Red  Lion  Court        1711 


290 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


[MOf 

[MO] 


(Ml 


S?nvi 


® 


NC 


(S^ 


James  Morson 
John  Motherly 

Thomas  Morse 
Mary  Pantin 
Mary  Piers 

Michael  Plummer 
Mary  Rood 
Mathew  Roker 
Michael  Ward 
Francis  Nelme 
Bowles  Nash 

Nicholas  Clausen 
Nicholas  Dumee 

Anthony  Nelme 

Jonathan  Newton 


Foster  Lane  1716 

Bullingmouth  St.  1718 

Lomber  St.  1718 

Green  St.  1733 

Lester  Fields  1758 

Gutter  Lane  1791 

Maiden  Lane  1721 

Greenwich  1755 

Cloth  Fair  1750 

Ave  Maria  Lane  1722 

St.  Martins  le  Grand  1720 

Orange  St.  1722 

Clerkenwell  1776 

Ave  Mary  Lane  1697 

Lad  Lane  1711 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


291 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


NO 


IN^ 


Jonathan  Newton 


Nathaniel  Gulliver 


Richard  Nightingale 


Michael  Nicholl 


Nicholas  Sprimont 


Nicholas  Winkins 


Orlando  Jackson 


John  Owing 


Charles  Overing 


Philip  Oyle 


Benjamin  Pyne 


John  Phillips 


Thomas  Parr 


Mark  Paillet 


Humphrey  Payne 


Lumbard  St. 
Gutter  Lane 
Shoe  Lane 
Staining  Lane 
Compton  St. 
Red  Lion  St. 
Wild  St. 
Noble  St. 
Gary  Lane 
Gheapside 
St.  Martins  le  Grand 
Foster  Lane 
Wood  St. 
Hemings  Row 

Gutter  Lane 


1718 
1722 

1697 
1723 
1742 
1751 
1770 
1725 

1697 
1699 
1684 
1717 
1697 
1698 

1701 


292 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


(P*A) 

iMr 


m 


PB 
AB 


PB 
IB 


Humphrey  Payne 


Simon  Pantin 


Simon  Pantin 


Thomas  Parr 


William  Paradise 


Peter  Archambo 


Peter  Archambo 


Peter  Archambo  and 
P.  Meuse 


Pierre  Bouteillu 
Peter  Bennett 
Peter  Bennett 
Philip  Brugfuier 
Philip  Bruguler 


Peter  and  Ann 

Bateman 

Peter  and  Jonathan 
Bateman 


Gutter  Lane  1701 


St.  Martins  Lane       1701 


Castle  St.  1717 


Cheapside  1717 


Lad  Lane  1718 


Green  St.  1722 


Coventry  St.  1744 


Coventry  St.  1749 


Martins  Court  1727 


Little  Britain  173 1 


Goswell  St.  1739 


St.  Martins  Lane      1738 


Bedford  St.  1762 


Bunhill  Row  1791 


Bunhill  Row  1790 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


293 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


PB 
AB 
WB 


^ 


m 


Peter,  Ann  and 

William  Bateman 

Paul  Crespin 


Peter  Le  Chousbe 


Paul  Crespin 


Paul  Crespin 


Paul  Callard 


Paul  Crespin 


Peter  Castle  and 

Wm.  Gwillim 


Robert  Peake 


William  Penstone 


Henry  Penstone 


William  Penstone 


John  Penford 


James  Pearce 


William  Petley 


Bunhill  Row 

Compton  St., 
Soho 

Glasshouse  St. 


Compton  St., 
Soho 

Compton  St., 
Soho 

King  St. 


Compton  St., 
Soho 

Carey  Lane 


Noble  St. 


Gracechurch  St. 


Gracechurch  St. 


Foster  Lane 


Foster  Lane 


Newgate  St. 


Blowbladder  St. 


1800 
1720 

1726 
1739 
1739 

1751 
1757 
1744 
1697 
1697 
1697 
1697 
1697 
1698 
1699 


294 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


PF 


^» — ■ 

123 


Edmund  Pearce 


Thomas  Peele 


Jean  Petrij 


William  Pearson 


Edward  Peacock 


William  Penstone 


William  Pearson 


William  Petley 


John  Pero 


Charles  Perier 


Phillip  Freeman 


Phillip  Freeman 


Phillip  Goddard 


Phillips  Goddard 


Phillips  Garden 


Strand  1704 

Jewin  St.  1704 

Pall  Mall  1707 

Ball  Alley  1710 

Strand  1710 

Foster  Lane  1713 

Ball  Alley  1717 

Blowbladder  St.  1717 

Strand  1717 

Macclesfield  St.  1727 

Bartholomew  Close  1773 

Bartholomew  Close  1774 

Cheapside  1723 

Gutter  Lane  1739 

Gutter  Lane  1748 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


295 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


(EG) 


Phillips  Garden 
Phillips  Garden 
Peter  Gillois 
Pierre  Gillois 
Phillis  Phillip 

Paul  Hanet 
Paul  Hanet 
Israel  Pincking 
Matthew  Pickering 

Pere  Pilleau 
Pierre  Platel 
Gabriell  Player 
Francis  Plymley 
Paul  Lamerie 


^>        Paul  Lamerie 


St.  Pauls  Churchyard 


St.  Pauls  Churchyard 


Queen  St. 


Wardour  St. 


Cannon  St. 


St.  Andrews  St. 


Gt.  St.  Andrews  St. 


St.  James  St. 


Mugwell  St. 


Chandois  St. 


Pall  Mall 


Ratcliff 


Nicholas  Lane 


Windmill  St. 


Garard  St. 


1751 


1751 


1782 


1754 


1720 


1721 


1721 


1697 


1703 


1720 


1699 


1700 


1715 


1732 


1739 


296 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


@> 


(B 


Philip  Norman 


John  Porter 


Thomas  Port 


Benjamin  Pyne 


Peze  Pilleau 


Philip  Platel 


Peze  Pilleau 


Paul  Pinard 


Edmund  Prockter 


Philip  Holies 


Thomas  Prichard 


Philip  Rainaud 


Philip  Roker 


Philip  Robinson 


Philip  Roker 


St.  Martins  Lane       1771 


Strand  1698 


Queen  St.  1713 


St.  Martins  le  Grand       1697 


Chandois  St.  1735 


York  Buildings,  1737 

Strand 

Chandois  St.  1739 


Hog  Lane  1751 


St.  Annes  Lane         1700 


Strand  1705 


Drury  Lane  1709 


Suffolk  St.  1720 


Long  Acker  1720 


Fleet  St.  1723 


King  St.,  1739 

Westminster 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


297 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


l£ll 


Philip  Rotcer 


Peter  Simon 


Paul  Storr 


Peter  Tabart 


jvn     Peter  Taylor 


m\ 


[YYI 
^6 


(P-AJ 


Philip  Vincent 
Peter  Werritzer 
Benjamin  Pyne 
Thomas  Pye 
John  Rand 
Andrew  Raven 
Philip  Rainaud 

Richard  Raine 
Robert  Abercromby 
Robert  Abercromby 


Bishopsgrate  St. 


Earl  St. 


Church  St.,  Soho 


Windsor 


Strand 

Earl  St., 

Seven  Dials 

Salisbury  St. 


St.  Martins  le  Grand 


Carey  Lane 


Lombard  St. 


St.  Martins  le  Grand 


Suffolk  St. 


Fleet  St. 


St.  Martins  le  Grand 


St.  Martins  ie  Grand 


1776 
1725 
1792 

1725 
1740 
1757 
1750 
1701 
1738 
1704 
1697 
1707 

1712 
1731 
1739 


298 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


JiJ 


IS 

@21 


Robert  Andrews 

R.  Abercrombie  and 

G.  Hindmarsh 

Richard  Bayley 
Richard  Beale 
Robert  Brown 
Richard  Beale 
Richard  Bayley 

Robert  Brown 
Robert  Burton 
Robert  Cooper 
Robert  Cox 
Robert  Cox 

Robert  Cox 
Richard  Crossly 

Richard  Cooke 


Gutter  Lane  1745 

St.  Martins  !e  Grand      1731 

Foster  Lane  1720 

Henrietta  St.  1731 

Piccadilly  1736 

Henrietta  St.  1739 

Foster  Lane  1739 

Piccadilly  1739 

Noble  St.  1758 

Strand  1694 

Fetter  Lane  1752 

Little  Britain  1755 

Little  Britain  1755 

Foster  Lane  1782 

Carey  St.  1799 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


299 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


RC 
DS 
RS 


m 


EG] 


7c\ 


R.  Carter,  D.  Smith 

and  R.  Sharp 

Joshua  Readshaw 


John  Read 


Richard  Edwards 


Ralph  Frith 


Richard  Gines 


Richard  Green 


Richard  Gosling 


Richard  Gosling- 


Richard  Goldwin 


Robert  Gaze 


Richard  Gurney  and 

Thomas  Cooke 

Richard  Gurney  and 

Thomas  Cooke 


Richard  Gurney  &  Co. 


Gurney  &  Co. 


Westmorland 

Buildingrs 

St.  Annes  Lane 


Lawrence 

Pountney  Lane 

Gutter  Lane 
Shoreditch 

Lumbard  St. 
Foster  Lane 
Barbican 

Cornhill 
Oxford  St. 
Shoe  Lane 

Foster  Lane 
Foster  Lane 

Foster  Lane 
Foster  Lane 


1778 
1697 

1704 

1723 

1728 

1720 

1726 
1739 

1739 
1753 
1795 

1721 
1734 

1734 

1739 


300 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


IT) 


(oiig 


RH 
DH 


m 


Rl 
IS 


\m 


Gurney  &  Co. 
R.  Hutchinson 

Robert  Hill 
Robert  Hennell 
R.  and  D.  Hennell 
Christopher  Riley 
Isaac  Riboulau 

John  Richardson 
Robert  Innes 
Robert  Jones 
Robert  Jones 


Robert  Jones  and 
John  Scofield 


Richard  Kersill 


Robert  Lucas 


Robert  Lucas 


Foster  Lane  1750 


Colchester  1727 


St.  Swithins  Lane     1739 


Foster  Lane  1773 


Foster  Lane  1796 


Strand  1697 


St.  Martins  Lane      1714 


Gutter  Lane  1723 


Mays  Buildings         1742 


Bartholomew  Close         1776 


Bartholomew  Close        1778 


Bartholomew  Close        1776 


Foster  Lane  1744 


Lombard  St.  1726 


Bow  Lane  1739 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


301 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


Ralph  Maidman 


fR;^j|     Richard  Mills 


RM 
IBCJ 


RM 
TM 


Robert  Makepeace 

Robert  Makepeace  and 

Richard  Carter 

Robert  and  Thomas 
Makepeace 

Ann  Roman 


Rq)       Hugh  Roberts 


^ 


Philip  Roker 


Alexander  Roode 


Phillip  Rolles 


Phillip  Rolles,  Jr. 


Gundry  Roode 


Ebenezer  Roe 


James  Rood 


Philip  Robinson 


Noble  St. 
White  House  Alley 
Serle  St. 
Bartholomew  Close 
Serle  St. 
Water  Lane 
Newgate  St. 
Sherborne  Lane 
Cannon  St. 
Strand 
Strand 

Staining  Lane 
Maiden  Lane 
Bow  Lane 
Fleet  St. 


1731 
1755 
1795 

1777 
1794 
1697 
1697 
1698 
1699 

1704 
1705 

1709 
1709 
1710 
1713 


302 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


<# 


is 


Nathaniel  Roe 
Mary  Rood 
Philip  Roker 

Jonathan  Robinson 
R.  Phillip 
Richard  Pargeter 
Robert  Pertt 


RR 


Robert  Pilkington 
l^pl     Richard  Pargeter 
Robert  Piercy 
Robert  Rew 
Richard  Rugg 
Robert  Ross 
Richard  Rugrgr 

Richard  Scarlet 


dlR] 


mm 


Foster  Lane 


Maiden  Lane 


Long  Acker 


Orange  St. 


Cannon  St. 


Fetter  Lane 


Newgate  St. 


Savoy 


Foster  Lane 


Greenhill  Rents 


Saffron  Hill 


Covent  Garden 


St.  John  Square 


Foster  Lane 


New  St.,  Shoe  Lane        1739 


1710 


1720 


1720 


1723 


1720 


1730 


1738 


1739 


1775 


1754 


1754 


1774 


1775 


1720 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


303 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


ss 


fSAl 


Richard  Scarlett 


Robert  Swanson 


Robert  Sharp 


John  Read  and 
D.  Sleamaker 


Robert  Tyrrill 

Richard  Thomas 

Bennett  Bradshaw  and 

Robert  Tyrrill 

John  Ruslen 
Abraham  Russell 
Richard  Watts 
Robert  Williams 
Richard  Zouch 
Richard  Zouch 

Thomas  Sadler 
John  Sanders 


Foster  Lane 

Blackman  St. 

Westmorland 

Buildings 

Lawrence 

Pountey  Lane 


Angel  Court, 

Strand 

Arms  Yard 


Oxford  Chapel 


Swlthins  Lane 


St.  Annes  Lane 


Gutter  Lane 


King  St., 

Westminster 

Chequer  Court 
Charing  Cross 

Chequer  Court 


Foster  Lane 


Oringr  St. 


1733 
1743 

1789 

1701 

1742 
1755 
1737 
1697 
1702 

1720 
1736 
1735 
1739 

1701 

1717 


304 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


John  Hugh  Le  Sage 


Hugh  Saunders 


Stephen  Ardesoif 


Stephen  Adams 


Samuel  Blackborow 


Samuel  Bates 


Samuel  Bates 


Sarah  Buttall 


William  Scarlett 


Richard  Scarlett 


Samuel  Courtauld 


Septimus  and 

James  Crespell 


Samuel  Dellany 


Samuel  Davenport 


James  Seabrook 


Long  Acre  1718 


St.  Brides  Lane        1718 


Fountain  Court,         1756 
Strand 

Lillypot  Lane  1760 


Mugwell  St.  1720 


Gutter  Lane  1728 


Foster  Lane  1744 


Minories  1754 


Foster  Lane  1697 


Foster  Lane  1719 


Shandois  St.  1746 


Whitcomb  St.  1759 


New  St.  Square        1762 


Lime  St.  1786 


Wood  St.  1714 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


305 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


Eg 


[SG 
JW 


SG 
EW 
IB 


m 


Samuel  Eaton 

Samuel  Godbehere 

Samuel  Godbehere  and 
Edward  Wigan 

Sam.  Godbehere,  Edw'd 
Wigan  and  James  Bult 

John  Shepherd 
Alice  Skeene 
Joseph  Skeene 
Thomas  Sherman 
Samuel  Hitchcock 
Sarah  Holaday 

Samuel  Hutton 
William  Shaw 
Samuel  Hitchcock 
Samuel  Hutton 
Samuel  Hutton 


Hogrgon  Court 
Cheapside 
Cheapside 
Cheapside 
Gutter  Lane 
Lombard  St. 
Lombard  St. 
Foster  Lane 
Gutter  Lane 
Grafton  St. 

Noble  St. 
Gerrard  St. 
Gutter  Lane 
Goswell  St. 

Goswell  St. 


1759 
1784 
1792 

1800 

1697 
1700 
1710 
1717 
1720 
1725 

1725 
1728 
1730 
1734 

1740 


io6 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


m 


^Sf 


B3 


fey 


Susanah  Hatfield 
Sarah  Hutton 
Samuel  Herbert 
Samuel  Howland 
Samuel  Herbert  &  Co. 

Francis  Singleton 
Peter  Simon 
Simon  Jouet 

Simon  Jouet 

Samuel  Laundry  and 

Jeffry  Griffith 

Samuel  Key 
Daniel  Sleamaker 
Gabriel  Sleath 
Gabriel  Sleath 

Samuel  Lea 


St.  Martins  Lane  1740 

Goswell  St.  1740 

Aldersgate  St.  1747 

Long  Lane  1760 

Foster  Lane  1750 

Foster  Lane  1697 

Earl  St.  1725 

Foster  Lane  1739 

Foster  Lane  1747 

Staining  Lane  1731 

Gutter  Lane  1746 

Sweethings  Lane  1704 

Gutter  Lane  1706 

Gutter  Lane  1710 

Newgate  St.  1720 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


307 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


Emi 


Samuel  Lea 
Samuel  Laundry 

Samuel  Laundry 

Simon  Le  Sage 
Simon  Le  Sage 
Simon  Le  Sage 
John  Smithsend 
Samuel  Smith 
John  Smith 

Joseph  Smith 
James  Smith 
Samuel  Smith 
Samuel  Margas 
Samuel  Meriton 
John  Snelling 


Hemnings  Row 
Gutter  Lane 

Gutter  Lane 

Great  Suffolk  St. 
Great  Suffolk  St. 
Great  Suffolk  St. 
Minories 
Swithings  Lane 
Holbourn 

Foster  Lane 
Foster  Lane 
Gutter  Lane 

King  St., 

Covent  Garden 

Huggin  Alley 
Holbourn 


1721 

1727 

1727 

1754 
1754 
1754 
1697 
1700 
1710 

1707 
1718 
1719 
1720 

1746 
1697 


3o8 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


US 


William  Soame 


John  Spackman 


Thomas  Spackman 


William  Spring 


William  Spring- 


William  Spackman 


Sarah  Parr 


Simon  Pantin 


Hugh  Spring 


William  Spackman 


Simon  Pantin,  Jr. 


Simon  Pantin,  Jr. 


Francis  Spilsbury 


George  Squire 


Samuel  Roby 


Friday  St. 
Charing  Cross 
Foster  Lane 
Strand 
Strand 
Lllypot  Lane 
Cheapside 

Castle  St. 

Foster  Lane 
Lilypot  Lane 

Castle  St. 
Green  St. 

Foster  Lane 

Fleet  St. 


Bell  Court, 
Foster  Lane 


1723 
1697 
1700 

1701 
1701 
1714 
1720 

1720 

1721 
1723 
1729 
1731 

1739 

1720 
1740 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


309 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


^ 


Samuel  Smith 


Samuel  Siervent 


Joseph  Stokes 


Ambrose  Stevenson 


John  Stockar 


John  Martin  Stockar 


William  Street 


Joseph  Steward 


Samuel  Taylor 

John  M.  Stocker  and 

and  Edward  Peacock 


Thomas  Sutton 


John  Sutton 


John  Sutton 


Samuel  Welder 


Starling  Wilford 


Foster  Lane 

St.  Martins  Lane 

Southwark 
Barbican 
Strand 
Strand 

Stainingr  Lane 
Maiden  Lane 
Maiden  Lane 
Strand 

Mugwell  St. 
Lombard  St. 
Lombard  St. 

Gutter  Lane 
Gutter  Lane 


1754 
1755 
1697 
1706 
1710 
1710 

1717 
1719 

1744 
1705 

1711 
1697 
1703 
1720 
1720 


310 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


iB 


SB 


Samuel  Welder 


Starling  Wilford 


Samuel  Wood 


Samuel  Wood 


Samuel  Wells 


Samuel  Wheat 


Samuel  Wheat 


Samuel  Wintle 


Richard  Syng 


David  Tanqueray 


Anne  Tanquery 


Peter  Tabart 


Thomas  Arnold 


Thomas  Brydon 


Robert  Timbrel! 


Foster  Lane  1729 

Gutter  Lane  1729 

Gutter  Lane  1733 

Gutter  Lane  1739 

Staining  Lane  1740 

Maiden  Lane  1756 

Maiden  Lane  1756 

No  address  1783 

Carey  Lane  1697 

Green  St.  1713 

Pell  Mell  1717 

Windsor  1725 

London  Wall  1770 

St.  Martins  le  Grand       1697 

Sherborne  Lane  1697 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


311 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


o 

TjB 


@f 


TS 


EC) 
1x21 


Thomas  Bamford 
Thomas  Bamford 
Thomas  Beare 

Thomas  Beezley 

Thomas  P.  Boulton  and 
Arthur  Humphrey 

Thomas  Bumfries  and 
Orlando  Jackson 

Thomas  Clark 
Thomas  Cooke 

Thomas  Causton 

Thomas  Carlton 
Thomas  Collier 

Thomas  Congreve 

Thomas  Chawner 

Thomas  Chawner 


1  I  D       Thomas  Doxsey 


Gutter  Lane 
Foster  Lane 
Drury  Lane 
London  Wall 

Poultry 

Little  Trinity  Lane 
Ball  Alley 
Foster  Lane 

Foster  Lane 

Old  Bailey 
Foster  Lane 

Borough 

Paternoster  Row 

Ave  Mary  Lane 

Bishopsgrate  St. 


1720 

1739 

1751 

1755 

1780 

1766 

1725 

1727 

1731 

1744 

1754 

1756 

1773 

1783 

1756 


312 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


m^ 


(T.D, 


m 


Thompson  Davis 


Thompson  Davis 


Theophilus  Davis 


Thomas  Dealtry 


Thomas  Daniell 


Thomas  Daniell 


Thomas  Daniell  and 

John  Wall 

Thomas  Devonshire 

and  William  Watkins 


Thomas  Pearle 

Thomas  Engrland 
Thomas  England 
Thomas  Evans 
Thomas  Ellis 
Thomas  Folkingham 

Thomas  Ffarrar 


Holborn  1757 


Holborn  1757 


King  St.,  1758 

Seven  Dials 

Royal  Exchange        1765 


Carey  Lane  1774 


Foster  Lane  1782 


Foster  Lane  1781 


Paternoster  Row      1756 


Foster  Lane  1719 


Long  Acre  1725 


Fleet  Ditch  1739 


Barbican  1774 


Cow  Lane  1780 


Sweetings  Lane        1720 


Swithing  Lane  1720 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


313 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


OM) 


za 


Eg 


TH 


JTH 


CtVh] 
QacJ 


Thomas  Farren 


Thomas  Foster 


Thomas  Freeman  and 

James  Marshall 


Thomas  Gladwin 
Thomas  Gilpin 
Thomas  Gilpin 
Thomas  Graham 
Thriscross 
Samuel  Thome 
Thomas  Heming 
Thomas  Heming 
Thomas  Howell 

Thomas  Holland 

Thomas  Hannam  and 
John  Crouch 

Thomas  Hannam  and 
John  Crouch 


Sweethings  Lane 
Fetter  Lane 

Bartholomew  Close 

Marylebone  St. 
Lincolns  Inn 
Lincolns  Inn 
Bath 

Smithfield  Bars 
Cannon  St. 
Piccadilly 

New  Bond  St. 
Bath 

Temple  Bar 

Giltspur  St. 

Giltspur  St. 


1739 
1769 

1764 

1737 
1739 
1739 
1792 

1697 
1697 

1745 

1767 
1791 

1798 

1766 

1799 


314 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


m 


ES 


Robert  Timbrell 
Georgre  Titterton 
John  Tiffin 
Thomas  Jackson 
Thomas  Jackson 
Thomas  Jeanes 
Thomas  Jackson 

Timothy  Ley 
Thomas  Lawrence 
Thomas  Mason 
Thomas  Morse 
Thomas  Mann 
Thomas  Merry 


^M)      Thomas  Mason 


Thomas  Mann 


Sherbourne  Lane 

Temple  Bar 

Watlingr  St. 

Noble  St. 

Paternoster  Row 

Lombard  St. 

Mutton  Lane, 
Clerkenwell 

Fenchurch  St. 
Golden  Lane 
Sherborn  Lane 
Lomber  St. 
Foster  Lane 
St.  John  St. 


1697 


1697 


1701 


1736 


1739 


1750 


1769 


1727 


1742 


1720 


1720 


1720 


1731 


Sherborn  Lane  1733 


Clerkenwell 


1736 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


315 


MAKER 

LOCATION 

DATE 

(^in) 

Thomas  Mason 

Fish  St.  Hill 

1739 

s# 

Thomas  Mann 
Thomas  Mercer 
Thomas  Moore 
Thomas  Northcote 
Thomas  Northcote 

Albemarle  St. 
West  St.,  Soho 
London  Wall 
Shoemaker  Row 

Berkeley  St., 
Clerkenwell 

1739 
1740 

1750 

1776 

1784 

TMI 

isrji 

|t-n 

TN 

tn] 

Thomas  Northcote  and 

George  Bourne 

Berkeley  St., 
Clerkenwell 

1791 

<s> 

Edward  Townsend 
Thomas  Ollivant 
Thomas  Potts 

Cripplegrate 
Manchester 

Bolt  Court, 

Fleet  St. 

1697 
1789 

1728 

iTOl 

ffpl 

^ 

Thomas  Potts 

Bolt  Court, 

Fleet  St. 

1728 

Cfp) 

Thomas  Parr 

Cheapside 

1733 

r^?; 

Thomas  Parr 

Cheapside 

1739 

tr^l 

Thomas  Powell 

Bolt  Court 

1756 

pr^i 

Thomas  Powell 

St.  Martins  le  Grand 

1758 

3i6 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 

LOCATION 

DATE 

ms 

. 

Thomas  Pye 

T.  B.  Pratt  and 

Arthur  Humphrey 

Thomas  Payne  and 

Richard  Payne 

Benjamin  Traherne 

Carey  Lane 

Poultny 

Cheapside 

St.  Martins  Lane 

1739 
1780 
1779 
1697 

TP 
AH 

TP 
RP 

^ 

® 

William  Truss 

Foster  Lane 

1710 

ITJ^ 

William  Truss 
Thomas  Rush 

Reading- 
Fetter  Lane 

1721 
1724 

® 

itm 

Thomas  Rush 

Aldersgate  St. 

1739 

mB 

Thomas  Rowe 

Cannon  St. 

1753 

TR 

Thomas  Renou 

St.  John  St. 

1792 

\^ 

Thomas  Sadler 

Foster  Lane 

1720 

|T,S 

Thomas  Smith 

Wood  St. 

1750 

TS 

Thomas  Shepherd 
Thomas  Streetin 

Aldersgrate  St. 
Plough  Count 

1785 
1799 

Its 

fS^ 

Thomas  Terle 

Foster  Lane 

1720 

MAKERS'    MARKS 


317 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


(TT| 


^J 


o 


SM 


TM 


TW] 

iTVVl 


It^ 


Thomas  Townsend 


Thomas  Tearle 


Thomas  Townaan 


Thomas  Tookey 


William  Tweii 


Thomas  Wright 


Thomas  Whipham 


Thomas  Whipham 


Thomas  Wynne 


Thomas  Wallis 


Thomas  Wallis 


Thomas  Willmore 


Thomas  Wallis 


Turner  &  Williams 


Thomas  Whipham 

and  Charles  Wright 


St.  Martins  Lane 
Russell  St. 
Dolphin  Court 
Silver  St. 
Gutter  Lane 
Maiden  Lane 

Foster  Lane 
Foster  Lane 
Bath 

Little  Britain 
Monkwell  St. 
Birmingham 
Clerkenwell 


1738 
1739 
1753 
1773 

1709 

1721 

1737 
1739 
1754 

1758 
1778 
1790 
1792 


Staining  Lane  1753 


Ave  Mary  Lane      I  1757 


. 


3i8 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


^ 


Thomas  Whipham  and 
W.  Williams 


Francis  Turner 


Edward  Turner 


William  Turbitt 


Joseph  Ward 


Benjamin  Watts 


White  V/alsh 


w:a1      Samuel  Wastell 


^ 


^ 


Theodore  Waterhouse 


William  Warham 


William  Warham 


Thomas  Wall 


Joseph  Ward 


Richard  Watts 


William  Atkinson 


Foster  Lane  1740 


St.  Annes  Lane         1709 


St.  Annes  Lane         1720 


Foster  Lane  1710 


Water  Lane  1697 


Carey  Lane  1698 


No  address  1698 


Finch  Lane  1701 


Silver  St.  1702 


Shear  Lane  1703 


Chancery  Lane         1705 


Lombard  St.  1708 


St.  Pauls  Churchyard     1717 


Maiden  Lane 


New  Fish  St  Hill 


1720 


1725 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


319 


MAKER 

LOCATION 

DATE 

^ 

William  Alexander 

Wood  St. 

1743 

IWAl 

William  Abdy 

Ote  Lane 

1765 

m 

William  Abdy 

Ote  Lane 

1767 

\wa\ 

William  Abdy 

Noble  St. 

1784 

IWAI 

William  Abdy 
William  Bayley 

Noble  St. 
Aldersgrate 

1790 

No 
Date 

(Wb 

William  Bellassyse 

Holborn 

1723 

{\m) 

William  Bagnall 

West  Smithfield 

1744 

IWB 

Walter  Brind 

Foster  Lane 

1749 

1^^ 

William  Bond 

Foster  Lane 

1753 

(i^ 

William  Bond 

Foster  Lane 

1754 

(WB| 

William  Bell 
William  Bromage 
Walter  Brind 
William  Basnett 

Monkwell  St. 
Strand 
Foster  Lane 
Bath 

1759 
1770 
1781 
1784 

IWB 

iWBJ 

(WB) 

320 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


Iwl 


(wQ 


^ 


(WE 


William  Bennett 

William  Bond  and 

John  Phipps 

Williana  Cripps 
William  Caldecott 
William  Cafe 
Wescombe  Drake 
William  Darker 
William  Darker 
William  Day 
William  Dorrell 

Matthew  West 

James  Wethered 

Samuel  Welder 

Samuel  Welder 
Georgre  Weir 


Aldersgate  St.  1796 


Foster  Lane  1754 


Compton  St.  1743 


Silver  St.  1756 


Gutter  Lane  1757 


Norton  Folgate         1724 


Strand  1721 


Strand  1731 


Red  Lion  Court,        1759 
Greek  St. 

Smithfield  Bars         1763 


Foster  Lane  1697 


Catherine  St.  1709 


Gutter  Lane  1714 


Gutter  Lane  1717 


Hemings  Lane  1727 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


321 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


fWE 

[gpI 


Wf\ 


WP 
PS 


I  -111 


fW^GJ 


®S) 


William  Eley  and 
Geo.  Pierrepoint 

William  Eley  and 
William  Fearn 


William  Fearn 


W.  L.  Foster 


William  Fennell 


William  Frisbee 


William  Fountain 


William  Fountain 


William  Frisbee  and 
Paul  Storr 

William  Fountain  and 

Daniel  Pontifex 

William  Fisher  and 
John  Fisher 

William  Gamble 


William  Gould 


William  Garrard 


William  Gould 


Bartholomew  Close 
Clerkenwell  Green 

Wood  St. 

Blue  Anchor  Alley 

Foster  Lane 

Cock  Lane 
Red  Lion  St. 
Red  Lion  St. 
Cock  Lane, 

Snow  Hill 

Hosier  Lane 

Little  Britain 
Foster  Lane 
Gutter  Lane 
Staining:  Lane 
Foster  Lane 


1778 
1797 

1774 

1775 

1775 

1792 
1794 

1794 
1792 

1791 

1793 
1692 
1732 
1735 
1739 


,22 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


f^ol 


•wB 


ISB 


m;^ 


Will 


Will 


Will 


^1       Will 


[FFT\ 


(wh] 


Will 


Will 


am  Garrard 


am  Gwillim 


am  Grundy 


am  Gould 


am  Garrard 


am  Gould 


William  Grundy 


William  Grundy  and 
Edward  Fernel 


William  Hopkins 


William  Hunter 


William  Homer 


William  Howard 


William  Holmes 


William  Hall 


William  How  and 
William  Clark 


Noble  St.  1739 


Carey  Lane  1740 


Goff  Square  1743 


Foster  Lane  1748 


Shorts  Buildings        1749 


Old  St.  1753 


Fetter  Lane  1777 


Fetter  Lane  1779 


Hatton  Garden  1739 


Kingr  St.,  Soho  1739 


Foster  Lane  1750 


Clerkenwell  1760 


Clerkenwell  1776 


Finsbury  St.  1795 


Spittle  Square  1777 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


3^3 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


William  Holmes  and 

Nicholas  Dumee 


Charles  Williams 
Wimans 
John  Wisdome 
David  Willaume 
Richard  Williams 
Starding  Wilford 
John  Wisdom 
John  White 
William  Justus 
George  Wickes 
Robert  Williams 
David  Willaume 
William  Justus 

W.  and  J.  Dean 


Clerkenwell  Green 
Lamb  Alley 
Foster  Lane 
Watlin  St. 
Pall  Mall 
Gutter  Lane 
Gutter  Lane 
Watling  St. 

Arundale  St. 
Staining  Lane 
Threadneedle  St. 


King  St., 

Westminster 

St.  James  St. 


Staynin  Lane 


Ironmonger  Road 


1773 
1697 
1697 
1704 

1657 
1712 
1717 
1717 

1719 
1721 
1721 
1726 
1728 
1739 

1762 


324 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


5^1 


^E] 


lv/ki 


Stephen  Abdy  and 
William  Jury 


William  Le  Bas 


William  Kidney 


William  Kidney 


William  Kersill 


William  King- 


William  Looker 


William  Lukin 


William  Mathew 


William  Matthews 


William  Mackenzie 


iWMl     William  Moody 


Edward  Wood 
William  Owen 

William  Petley 


Lilypot  Lane  1759 


Red  Lion  St.,  1773 

Bell  Court 

Foster  Lane  1734 


Foster  Lane  1739 


Gutter  Lane  1749 


Cross  St.,  1761 

Hatton  Garden 

St.  Annes  Lane         1720 


Strand  1725 

Minorles  1720 

Clerkenwell  1728 

Windmill  St.  1748 

Berwick  St.  1756 

Puddle  Dock  1722 

Cheapside  1723 

Blowbladder  St.        1720 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


325 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


MB 


JTP 


SI 


William  Pearson 


William  Paradise 


William  Peaston 


William  Plummer 


William  Penstone 


William  Pitts 


William  Potter 


William  Pitts 


William  Plummer 


William  Pitts 


William  Playfair  and 

William  Wilson 


W.  &  R.  Peaston 

William  Priest  and 
James  Priest 

William  Pitts  and 
Joseph  Preedey 

William  Reeve 


Ball  Alley  1720 


Lad  Lane  1720 


St.  Martins  le  Grand       1745 


Foster  Lane  1755 


Noble  St.  1774 


St.  Martins  St.  1781 


Wild  St.  1777 


Litchfield  St.  1786 


Gutter  Lane  1789 


Little  Wild  St.  1799 


Portland  Road  1782 


St.  Martins  le  Grand      1756 


Whitecross  St.  1764 


Litchfield  St.  1791 


Minories  1731 


,26 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


[WR| 


Wi 
Wi 

Wi 
Wi 
Wi 
Wi 
Wi 
Wi 
Wi 
Wi 
Wi 
Wi 
Wi 

Wi 
Wi 


am  Robertson 

am  Reynoldson 

am  Scarlet 

am  Street 

am  Spachman 

am  Shaw 

am  Shaw 

am  Soame 

am  Scarlett 

am  Shaw 

am  Soame 

am  Soame 

am  Solomon 

am  Shaw 
am  Sheen 


Porter  St.  1753 


St.  James  Market     1757 


Foster  Lane  1720 


Staining  Lane  1720 


Lilypot  Lane  1720 


Gerard  St.  1739 


Gerard  St.  1739 


Friday  St.  1723 


Foster  Lane  1725 


Gerard  St.  1727 


Cheapside  1732 


Cheapside  1739 


Church  St.,  Soho     1747 


iVIaiden  Lane  1749 


Old  Belton  St.  1755 


MAKERS'    MARKS 


327 


MAKER 


LOCATION 


DATE 


^1 


ws 


Svsl 


m% 


ME 


(ws 


AW. 
7P\ 


WS 
RC 


(WT 


SI 


m 


^w^ 


^I 


William  Sanden 


William  Sampel 


William  Sheen 


William  Simons 


William  Sumner 


William  Sheen 


William  Sutton 


William  Stephenson 


William  Shaw  and 

William  Priest 


Sumner  &  Crossley 


William  Truss 


William  Toone 


William  Turner 


William  Tuite 


Walter  Tweedle 


St.  Martins  le  Grand 


1755 


Baldwins  Garden      1755 


Cow  Cross  1755 


Lambeth  1776 


Clerkenwell  1782 


Well  St.,  1783 

Falcon  Sq. 

Cheapside  1784 


Lombard  St.  1786 

Maiden  Lane  1749 

Clerkenwell  1773 

Reading-  1731 

Cripplegrate  1725 

Addle  St.  1754 

King^  St.,  1756 
Golden  Square 

Holywell  St.  1775 


328 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


MAKER 

LOCATION 

DATE 

|wv| 

William  Vincent 

St.  Annes  Lane 

1774 

® 

William  Woodward 

Fenchurch  St. 

1731 

\w 

William  West 

Lester  Fields 

1739 

m 

William  Williams 
William  Woodward 
William  Wooller 
William  Watkins 
William  Young- 
William  Young- 

Foster  Lane 
Fenchurch  St. 
Cloth  Fair 
Paternoster  Row 
St.  Andrews  St. 
St.  Andrews  St. 

1742 
1743 
1750 
1756 
1735 
1739 

Wff?) 

IWW 

W-n: 

m^ 

mvl 

@) 

Edward  Vincent 

Kings  Arms  Court 

1713 

itfi 

Daniel  Yerbury 

Bread  St. 

1715 

Edward  York 

Holborn 

1705 

London  Silversmiths 

from  1801  to  1850 

This  list  has  been  compiled  from  ail  the  London  Directories  of  the  first 
half  of  the  last  century.    As  it  is  for  reference  in  regard  to  matcers' 
marks,  the  alphabetical  arrangement  is  as  the  marks  read- 
that  is,  John  Ashley  will  be  found  under  J  and  not  under 
A.     The  makers'  marks  of  firms  were  generally  the 
initials    of   all  the  partners;    the  names  of   the 
firms  that  appear  in  the  directories  without 
initials,  will  be  found  atthe  end  of  the  list. 

Tliese  names  include  those  of  both  makers  and  storekeepers,  as  sometimes  the  latter  had  a  registered  mark 
which  was  put  on  silver  that  had  been  made  for  them  by  some  working  silversmith. 


Alfred  Barton 

27  Hatton  Garden 

1841  to  1844 

Andrew  Batchelor 

19  Clerkenwell  Green 

1848  to  1850 

Andrew  Beaton 

no  Whitechapel  High  Street 

1847  to  1848 

A.  B.  Savory  &  Sons 

14  Cornhill 

1839  to  1850 

Abraham  Dry 

17  South  St,  Manchester  Square 

1819 

A.  D.  Fleming 

105  Whitechapel  High  St. 

1824  to  1837 

Abel  Garnham 

1  Lincoln  Inn  Fields 

1819 

Alexander  Gordon 

336  Strand 

1816  to  1818 

A.  G.  Priestman 

19  Princes  St,  Leicester  Square 

1814  to  1815 

A.  &  G.  Burrows 

14  Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1816  to  1818 

A.  Hewat  &  Co. 

12  King  St,  Goswell  St. 

1816  to  1829 

A.  H.  Dry 

32  St.  Martins  Lane 

1822  to  1823 

A.  Lee  &  Co. 

161  Old  Gravel  Lane 

1814 

A.  L.  Newton 

4  Bury  St,  St.  Mary  Axe. 

1839  to  1840 

Absalom  Marsh 

6  Aldgate  St. 

1806 

A.  M.  Simons 

60  Bishopsgate  Within 

1839  to  1840 

A.  &  M.  Stracy 

3  &  4  Duke  St,  Smithfield 

1819 

Alexander  Purse 

70  London  Wall 

1821  to  1830 

Alexander  Smith 

3  Bedfordbury,  Covent  Garden 

1841  to  1850 

A.  Tate 

1  Cambridge  St,  Golden  Square 

1820  to  1837 

A.  Thos.  Parsons 

21  Houndsditch 

1822 

Benjamin  Cole 

54  Barbican 

1801  to  1810 

Banks  Farrand 

48  Cheapside 

1814  to  1832 

B.  Massey 

116  Leadenhall  St. 

1807  to  1840 

Benjamin  Moses 

23  Hanway  St. 

1822 

329 


>>' 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


Benjamin  Preston 

41 

Coppice  Row,  Clerkenwell 

1840  to  1850 

Benjamin  Smith 

12 

Duke  St,  Lincoln  Inn  Fields 

1824  to  1850 

Bernoni  Stephens 

9 

Camomile  St,  Bishopsgate 

1835  to  1843 

B.  T.  Hopgood  &  Son 

202 

Bishopsgate  Without 

1833  to  1835 

B.  T.  Walter 

93 

High  Holborn 

1831  to  1838 

Charles  Bigge 

62 

Torrington  Square 

1839 

Charles  Bishop 

14 

Upper  Rosoman  St. 

1850 

Charles  Boyton 

26 

Wellington  St,  Goswell  St. 

1840  to  1850 

Clement  Cheese 

40 

Kirby  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1829  to  1833 

Charles  Chesterman 

62 

Fleet  Market 

1802  to  1814 

Charles  Cording 

118 

Minories 

1806  to  1827 

C.  Eley 

2 

Level's  Court,  Paternoster  Row 

1826  to  1840 

Charles  Fox 

139 

Old  St,  St.  Lukes 

1819  to  1842 

Crispin  Fuller 

3 

Windsor  Court,  Monkwell  St. 

1804  to  1827 

Charles  Garraway 

13  Queen  St,  Westminster 

1822  to  1823 

Charles  Gibson 

71 

Bishopsgate  Within 

1840 

Charles  Harson 

260 

High  Holborn 

1834  to  1840 

Charles  Hollingshead 

13  Clerkenwell  Green 

1808  to  1814 

C.  &J.  Blake 

15 

Charing  Cross 

1820 

C.J.Willis 

81 

Bishopsgate  Without 

1836  to  1837 

Charles  Kelk 

70  Castle  St,  Leicester  Square 

1840  to  1843 

Charles  Kelk 

20 

Denmark  St,  Soho 

1844  to  1848 

Charles  Lias 

65 

Crown  St,  Finsbury 

1840  to  1850 

Charles  May 

8  Curtain  Road,  Shoreditch 

1838  to  1840 

C.  Mosley 

20 

Aldgate 

1828  to  1829 

C.  &  G.  Mullins 

12 

Staverton  Row,  Newington 

1843  to  1850 

Charles  Needham 

55 

Piccadilly 

1822  to  1823 

Charles  Norton 

12 

Ludgate  Hill 

1814 

C.  Peirson 

78 

Fleet  Market 

1803  to  1804 

Charles  Plumley 

43 

Ludgate  Hill 

1829  to  1832 

C.  Randall 

6 

East  Harding  St,  Fleet  St. 

1836 

Chas,  Shaw 

11 

Gough  Square,  Fleet  St. 

1836  to  1850 

Charles  Taylor 

9 

Chiswell  St. 

1819 

C,  &T.  Grey 

120 

High  Holborn 

1824  to  1825 

Charles  Vaughan 

39 

Strand 

1839  to  1843 

Charles  Watson 

16 

Norton  Folgate 

1844  to  1848 

C.  W.  Auber 

116 

Great  Portland  St. 

1809 

Charles  W.  Shipway 

82 

Nicholas  St,  Hoxton 

1840  to  1844 

D.  Sutton 

43 

Fore  St,  Cripplegate 

1814  to  1818 

LONDON   SILVERSMITHS 


00 


David  Cameron 

318 

Strand 

1817  to  1838 

D.  &  C.  Houle 

24 

Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1846  to  1850 

David  Ellis 

2  John  St,  Oxford  St. 

1840 

David  Farrow 

73 

Fleet  Market 

1819 

Daniel  Folkard 

7 

London  Road 

1819 

Daniel  Fox 

101 

Bermondsey  St. 

1819 

David  Gass  &  Sons 

166 

Regent  St. 

1841 

Daniel  Hockle 

9 

Brook  St,  Holborn 

1814  to  1815 

David  Jennings 

132 

Fenchurch  St. 

1819 

David  Jones 

30 

Broad  St,  Bloomsbury 

1819 

David  Jones 

185 

High  Holborn 

1830  to  1837 

David  Lamb 

50 

Red  Lion  St,  Holborn 

1811  to  1815 

D.  &L.  Phillips 

12 

Wilson  St,  Finsbury 

1840  to  1842 

David  Phillips 

12 

Wilson  St,  Finsbury 

1848  to  1849 

D.  Pontifex 

8 

St.  John  St,  Clerkenwell 

1801  to  1811 

D.  Solome 

2 

Bridge  St.  Row,  Lambeth 

1819  to  1822 

David  Trail 

14 

Amwell  St,  Pentonville 

1840 

David  Windsor 

139 

Minories 

1801  to  1813 

D.  W.  Stephenson 

27 

Lombard  St. 

1827 

Edwin  Alderman 

41 

Barbican 

1824  to  1839 

Edward  Barnard 

39 

Claremont  Square 

1841  to  1843 

E.  Barnard  &  Sons 

34 

Paternoster  Row 

1829  to  1837 

E.  Barnard  &  Sons 

Angel  St,  St.  Martin's  le  Grand 

1838  to  1850 

E.  Barton 

36 

Charles  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1824  to  1840 

Edward  Barton 

27 

Hatton  Garden 

1825  to  1846 

E.  Baylis 

1 

Mortimer  St. 

1829  to  1838 

Edward  Beauchamp 

14 

Holborn 

1801  to  1810 

Edward  Benton 

224  Strand 

1835  to  1841 

Edward  Calver 

44  Cowper  St,  City  Road 

1840 

Edward  Clark 

Fleet  St. 

1814  to  1818 

Edward  Dale 

7 

Bishops  Court,  Chancery  Lane 

1840 

Edward  Dry 

22 

High  Row,  Knightsbridge 

1837  to  1839 

Elizabeth  Eaton 

16 

Jewin  Crescent 

1847  to  1850 

Edward  Edlin 

37 

New  Bond  St. 

1804  to  1823 

Edward  Edwards 

1 

Bridgewater  Square,  Barbican 

1819  to  1824 

Edward  Edwards 

48 

Banner  St. 

1827  to  1829 

Edward  Edwards 

52 

Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1839  to  1849 

Edward  Farrell 

4 

Bridges  St,  Covent  Garden 

1828  to  1837 

Edward  Farrell 

24 

Bridges  St,  Covent  Garden 

1838  to  1850 

332 


OLD    LONDON   SILVER 


Edward  Fernell 

119  Fetter  Lane 

1801  to  1807 

Edward  Fleming 

78  Fleet  Market 

1807  to  1809 

Edward  Fleming 

90  Newgate  St. 

1819 

Edward  Foligno 

12  Bury  St,  St.  Mary  Axe 

1841  to  1850 

Edward  Francis 

161  Shoreditch 

1801  to  1810 

Edward  Frears 

4  Little  Pulteny  St. 

1815 

Edward  Gibson 

71  Bishopsgate  Within 

1817  to  1818 

Edward  Jenkins 

51  Crawford  St,  Portman  Square 

1822  to  1823 

E.  &J.CIark 

St.  Dunstans,  Fleet  St. 

1804  to  1813 

Edward  Lamb 

43  Ludgate  Hill 

1834  to  1838 

Edward  Lees 

4  St.  James  St,  Clerkenwell 

1809 

Edward  Marshall 

61  Cannon  St,  Ratcliff 

1819 

Edward  Marshall 

Mare  St,  Hackney 

1840 

E.  Morley 

7  Westmorland  Buildings 

1806  to  1818 

Elizabeth  Morritt 

124  Long  Acre 

1816  to  1819 

Edward  Pryor 

20  Gracechurch  St. 

1834  to  1840 

Elizabeth  Ramsay 

17  Liquorpond  St. 

1828  to  1835 

E.  S.  Sampson 

53  Greek  St,  Soho 

1820  to  1826 

E.  Souttin 

3  Coventry  St,  Piccadilly 

1815 

Edward  Stammers 

99  Strand 

1819  to  1850 

E.  Thompson 

1  London  House  Yard 

1824  to  1830 

E.  Thomas  &  Co. 

13  New  St,  Covent  Garden 

1828 

Francis  Cotton 

90  Shoreditch 

1821  to  1838 

Frederick  Dear 

3  Kings  Square,  Goswell  Road 

1845 

Frances  Douglass 

13  St.  James  St,  Clerkenwell 

1840  to  1850 

Francis  Harrison 

185  Tottenham  Court  Road 

1831  to  1840 

Francis  Higgins 

20  Cursiter  St,  Chancery  Lane 

1822  to  1835 

Francis  Higgins 

40  Kirby  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1840  to  1850 

Francis  Jones  &  Son 

62  Cornhill 

1839  to  1842 

Francis  Pearce 

9  Newington  Causeway 

1833  to  1850 

Frederick  Seagood 

59  Borough 

1816 

Francis  Sims 

Gray's  Inn  Passage,  Holborn 

1809 

Francis  Steele 

71  Oxford  St. 

1819  to  1838 

George  Barker 

91  Houndsditch 

1819 

George  Barker 

17  Aldgate  High  St. 

1822  to  1827 

George  Beck 

94  Blackfriars  Road 

1836  to  1837 

George  Benson 

244  High  Holborn 

1822 

George  Bissmire 

36  Pear  Tree  Court,  Clerkenwell 

1844  to  1850 

G.  &  B.  Blogg 

8  Jewin  St. 

1808 

LONDON    SILVERSMITHS 


3n  -> 


George  Burrows 

14  Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1820 

George  Burrows 

24  Felix  Terrace,  Liverpool  Road 

1848  to  1849 

G.  Corrie  &  Co. 

84  Long  Acre 

1840  to  1844 

George  Dobree 

68  Oxford  St. 

1801  to  1819 

George  Drury 

32  Strand 

1840 

G.  E.  Cooke  &  Co. 

5  Jewin  St. 

1824  to  1826 

George  Farmer 

32  Tavistock  St,  Covent  Garden 

1819  to  1823 

George  Fisher 

44  Blackman  St. 

1822 

G.  F.  Pinnell 

18  Red  Cross  Square,  Cripplegate 

1835  to  1850 

G.  Grainger 

75  Holborn  Bridge 

1801  to  1815 

George  Hennell 

5  Snow  Hill 

1822 

G.  H.  Cleeve 

143  Blackfriars  Road 

1820  to  1828 

G.  R.  Hennell 

5  Snow  Hill 

1831  to  1833 

G.  &  H.  Watson 

31  Duke  St,  Oxford  St. 

1846  to  1850 

George  Ivory 

53  Compton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1845  to  1850 

George  Jump 

14  Broad  St,  Bloomsbury 

1819  to  1833 

George  J.  Ricinards 

261/2  Sekforde  St. 

1845  to  1849 

George  Knapp 

36  Barbican 

1839  to  1842 

George  Knapp 

14  High  St,  Islington 

1843  to  1844 

George  Knigint 

7  Westmorland  Building 

1821  to  1837 

Gregory  Kirby  &  Co. 

4  Crane  Court,  Fleet  St. 

1840 

George  Lane 

185  High  Holborn 

1816  to  1829 

George  Litce 

16  Chiswell  St. 

1806  to  1811 

George  Like 

9  Tabernacle  Walk,  Finsbury 

1812  to  1813 

George  Mander 

18  Upper  East  Smithfield 

1838 

George  Marshall 

61  Cannon  St. 

1840 

George  Morris 

119  Minories 

1807  to  1818 

G.  Newson 

1  Commercial  Road,  Whitechapel 

1836  to  1837 

George  Pickett 

265  Oxford  St. 

1827  to  1839 

George  Purse 

448  Strand 

1802  to  1832 

George  Reid 

18  Cross  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1839  to  1844 

George  Richards 

1  Sherrard  St,  Golden  Square 

1816  to  1819 

George  Richards 

28  Marylebone  St,  Golden  Square 

1820  to  1821 

G.  R.  Chatterton 

2  Peters  Court,  St.  Martins  Lane 

1838  to  1847 

George  Sellars 

21  Cross  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1822  to  1823 

George  Smith 

16  Hosier  Lane 

1814  to  1815 

George  Steel 

105  Strand 

1827 

George  Turner 

1  Lower  John  St,  Golden  Square 

1819 

George  Turner 

74  Long  Acre 

1840 

334 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


G.  &  T.  Farmer 

29  Bridges  St,  Covent  Garden 

1815 

G.  T.  Pinnell 

21  Well  St,  Jewin  St. 

1831  to  1834 

George  Unite 

16  Thavie's  Inn,  Holborn 

1845  to  1850 

George  Webb 

36  Great  Russell  St. 

1843  to  1847 

George  Webb 

207  High  Holborn 

1848 

George  Wheeler 

Bartlett's  Buildings,  Holborn 

1840 

Godfrey  Zimmerman 

48  Albany  St,  Regents  Park 

1840 

H.  Abrainams 

77  Leadenhall  St. 

1840 

Herman  Ball 

8  Lisle  St,  Leicester  Square 

1839  to  1843 

Henry  Baron 

6  New  Bond  St. 

1829  to  1832 

Hugh  Beavan 

34  Marylebone  St,  Golden  Square 

1819 

Henry  Bird 

40  Poultry 

1825  to  1827 

Henry  Bird 

109  Cheapside 

1829  to  1844 

Hugh  Brodie 

9  Crescent,  Cripplegate 

1810 

H.  B.  Wheatley 

31  Charlotte  St. 

1819 

H.  Cowen 

3  Sidney  Alley,  Leicester  Square 

1819 

Henry  Dempster 

160  Blackfriars  Road 

1836  to  1838 

Henry  Dobson 

30  City  Road,  Finsbury 

1809  to  1813 

H.  Effex 

224  Strand 

1807  to  1823 

Henry  Fleming 

54  High  St,  Bloomsbury 

1809 

Henry  Freeth 

26%  Little  Sutton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1848  to  1850 

Henry  Fuller 

18  Ludgate  Hill 

1838  to  1840 

Henry  Glover 

531/2  Gracechurch  St. 

1842  to  1845 

Henry  Glover  &  Co. 

144  Leadenhall  St. 

1830  to  1832 

H.G.  Ive 

10  Finsbury  Place 

1830  to  1839 

Henry  Hall 

284  High  Holborn 

1837  to  1840 

H.Holland 

13  Low  Smith  St. 

1840  to  1850 

Hyam  Hyams 

5  Castle  St,  Houndsditch 

1824  to  1850 

H.  Lambert 

36  Ludgate  St. 

1822  to  1823 

H.  Lazarus 

112  Upper  East  Smithfield 

1819 

Henry  Lee 

10  Shoreditch 

1801  to  1810 

H.  Lewis 

126  Regent  St. 

1826  to  1827 

H.  L.  Cavalier 

17  Bartletts  Buildings 

1841  to  1842 

Henry  Marshall 

3  Forest,  Limehouse 

1817  to  1818 

H.J.  Niblett 

81  Farringdon  St. 

1838 

H.  Nutting 

38  Noble  St. 

1810  to  1815 

Henry  Perrin 

129  Holborn  Hill 

1838  to  1843 

Henry  Radclyffe 

58  Frith  St,  Soho 

1846  to  1850 

Henry  Solomon 

53  Strand 

1829  to  1837 

LONDON    SILVERSMITHS 


"^    "^   r- 


H.T.  Ellis 

11  King  St,  Covent  Garden 

1838  to  1840 

Henry  Walker 

131  Fetter  Lane,  Fleet  St. 

1819 

Henry  Walker 

7  Beaufort  Buildings,  Strand 

1831  to  1837 

H.Wright 

25  Tothill  St,  Westminster 

1811  to  1819 

H.W.Wilson 

1  Vigo  Lane,  Swallow  St. 

1811  to  1822 

H.W.Fleming 

78  Farringdon  St. 

1831  to  1837 

I.  Foligno 

16  Finsbury  Circus 

1840  to  1850 

I.  Perry 

284  High  Holborn 

1802  to  1836 

I.  Robinson 

34  Blackman  St. 

1811 

1.  Rogers 

20  High  St,  Bloomsbury 

1803  to  1804 

James  Aldous  &  Son 

67  Berwick  St,  Soho 

1838 

James  Andrews 

lO  Bull  and  Mouth  St. 

1840  to  1850 

John  Angell 

55  Compton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1815  to  1837 

John  Angell  &  Son 

51  Compton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1841  to  1850 

Joseph  Angell  &  Son 

54  Compton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1841  to  1843 

Joseph  Angell  &  Son 

25  Panton  St,  Haymarket 

1843  to  1850 

John  Ashley 

45  Gloucester  Terrace 

1807  to  1810 

J.  Ashman 

462  Strand 

1807  to  1819 

J.  A.  Muddell 

114  Leadenhall  Street 

1838  to  1840 

Joseph  Ball 

8  Lisle  St,  Leicester  Square 

1838 

John  Banfield 

36  Cheapside 

1819 

John  Bannister 

24  Shadwell  High  St. 

1819 

John  Barber 

168  Borough  High  St. 

1807  to  1817 

John  Barber 

53  Great  Sutton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1845  to  1850 

James  Bassett 

32  Great  St,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields 

1836  to  1839 

Joseph  Bates 

174  Oxford  Street 

1809  to  1817 

Joshua  Bayles 

127  Great  Portland  Street 

1819 

John  Beauchamp 

147  Holborn  Hill 

1809  to  1832 

John  Beauchamp 

94  High  Holborn 

1840 

James  Beebe 

67  Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1840  to  1847 

J.  Behrends 

236  High  Holborn 

1835  to  1840 

John  Bennett 

156  Fenchurch  St. 

1829  to  1830 

John  Blake 

16  Long  Acre 

1804 

John  Booth 

8  Albemarle  St,  Clerkenwell 

1819 

Joseph  Boyd 

312  Oxford  Street 

1826  to  1834 

Joseph  Brasbridge 

lOO  Fleet  St. 

1801  to  1822 

Joseph  Brookes 

24  Charing  Cross 

1809  to  1811 

John  Brown 

76  St.  Paul's  Churchyard 

1819 

Joseph  Browning 

69  Leadenhall  St. 

1810  to  1817 

336 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


James  Bruce 

5  Cranbourn  St,  Leicester  Square 

1808  to  1839 

Jas.  Bult,  Son  &  Co. 

85  Cheapside 

1840 

J.  Bullard 

37  High  Holborn 

1821  to  1827 

John  Burch 

92  High  Holborn 

1840 

John  Butt 

6  New  Bond  St. 

1807  to  1829 

J.  B.Cole 

54  Barbican 

1806  to  1817 

John  Carter 

8  New  St,  Covent  Garden 

1822 

James  Catchpole 

120  Regent  St. 

1836  to  1839 

Joseph  Chapman 

50  St.  John  St,  Clerkenwell 

1826  to  1828 

John  Clarke 

12  Clerkenwell  Green 

1809  to  1811 

James  Cockerell 

56  Newington  Causeway 

1830  to  1831 

John  Coles 

48  Strand 

1802  to  1803 

John  Coles 

198  Strand 

1807 

James  Collins 

66  Long  Acre 

1816  to  1826 

James  Collins  &  Son 

66  Long  Acre 

1829  to  1835 

James  Collins 

115  Regent  St. 

1835  to  1850 

Joseph  Cording 

21  Holborn  Hill 

1808  to  1809 

John  Cording 

232  Strand 

1840 

James  Cordy 

79  Snow  Hill 

1816  to  1818 

Jane  Cotton 

90  Shoreditch 

1816  to  1818 

John  Cowie 

7  Noble  St,  Foster  Lane 

1815 

John  Cowie 

5  Silver  St,  Wood  St. 

1818  to  1819 

J.  Cradock 

3  Carey  St,  Lincoln's  Inn. 

1827  to  1833 

J.  Crouch 

43  Fore  St. 

1807  to  1813 

John  Cuff 

151  New  Bond  St. 

1819  to  1823 

John  Cuff 

106  Regent  St. 

1823  to  1828 

James  Cuff 

70  St.  Paul's  Churchyard 

1822  to  1823 

John  Cuisset 

40  Blackfriars  Road 

1839  to  1840 

J.  C.  Edington 

23  Leicester  Square 

1838  to  1850 

J.  C.  Grey 

120  High  Holborn 

1819  to  1833 

J.  C.  &  G.  Mullins 

12  Stave  rton  Row 

1842 

J.  &,  C.  Simonds 

3  Southampton  Row 

1840 

Joseph  Daniel 

214  Oxford  St. 

1815  to  1822 

John  Denziloe 

146  Aldersgate  St. 

1802  to  1803 

John  Denziloe 

29  Bread  St.  Hill 

1807 

John  Dobree 

3  Charing  Cross 

1807  to  1832 

John  Dobree 

39  Strand 

1833  to  1834 

Joseph  Dodds 

12  Aldersgate  St. 

1801  to  1811 

John  Douglass 

52  Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1819 

LONDON    SILVERSMITHS 


337 


J.  Dyer 

9  Bishopsgate  Without 

1803  to  1811 

J.  &  D.  &  C.  Houle 

24  Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1844  to  1845 

John  Edmonds 

14  Strand 

1839  to  1840 

James  Edwards 

36  Jewin  St. 

1841  to  1850 

James  Elley 

52  Rathbone  Place,  Oxford  St. 

1819 

J.Ely 

8  Soho  Square 

1820  to  1839 

J.  Elliott 

4  Denton  St,  Highgate  Road 

1819 

John  Evans 

111  Bunhill  Row 

1842 

J.  E.  Terry  &  Co. 

11  Foster  Lane 

1818 

J.  E.  Terry  &  Co. 

31  Hatton  Garden 

1820  to  1849 

John  E.  Wilson 

53  Houndsditch 

1813 

J.  Fairbrother 

21  Aldgate  Within 

1815 

John  Farmer 

127  Oxford  St. 

1801  to  1830 

Joseph  Farmer 

32  Tavistock  St,  Covent  Garden 

1804  to  1809 

John  Foligno 

7  Mount  St,  Whitechapel  Road 

1819 

Joseph  Folkard 

32  Great  Surrey  St. 

1809  to  1815 

Joseph  Folkard 

142  Great  Surrey  St. 

1819  to  1820 

James  Fontaine 

17  Middle  Row,  Holborn 

1811  to  1815 

James  Franklin 

14  New  St. 

1829  to  1836 

James  Franklin 

5  Tottenham  Court  Road 

1837 

John  W.  Figg 

5  Wellington  St,  St.  Lukes 

1841  to  1848 

John  W.  Figg 

6  Denmark  St,  Soho 

1849  to  1862 

J.  Galloway 

8  May's  Buildings,  Covent  Garden 

1840 

John  Garnon 

109  Newgate  St. 

1822  to  1823 

James  Gattey 

64  Tooley  St,  Borough 

1819 

James  Godwin 

304  Holborn 

1803  to  1840 

J.  Gramshaw 

259  Oxford  St. 

1830  to  1831 

John  Grant 

70  London  Wall 

1831  to  1834 

John  Gray 

5  Billiter  Square 

1838  to  1850 

John  Guest 

64  Fleet  Market 

1819 

J.G.Clark 

15  King  William  St. 

1840 

John  Hargrave 

76  Houndsditch 

1834 

James  Harris 

2  Rathbone  Place 

1806  to  1807 

J.  Harris,  Jr. 

119  Minories 

1819  to  1824 

John  Harris 

27  Nelson  St,  City  Road 

1842  to  1846 

John  Harris 

29  Kirby  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1847  to  1850 

Judah  Hart&  Co. 

31  Bevis  Marks 

1835  to  1840 

John  Harvey 

1  White  Hart  Court,  Lombard  St. 

1819 

John  Hatton 

38  Alfred  Place,  Bedford  Square 

1838  to  1840 

338 


OLD   LONDON   SILVER 


J.  Hawkes 

13  Blackman  St,  Borough 

1831  to  1834 

J.  Hawkes 

150  Fleet  St. 

1836  to  1837 

J.  Hawkins 

17  Red  Cross  Square 

1826  to  1830 

John  Hayne 

16  Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1822  to  1837 

John  James  Hill 

49  Lombard  St. 

1801  to  1803 

John  Hobbs 

1  Bridge  Row,  Lambeth 

1822  to  1825 

James  Hobbs 

Coades  Row,  Lambeth 

1826  to  1833 

James  Hobbs 

142  Great  Surrey  St. 

1830  to  1834 

Jeremiah  Hodgkins 

23  King  St,  Covent  Garden 

1811  to  1814 

John  Houle 

24  Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1815  to  1843 

James  Hull 

30  Broad  St,  Bloomsbury 

1841  to  1842 

John  R.  Harris 

29  Kirby  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1843  to  1850 

Joseph  Jacobs 

1  High  Holborn 

1840 

Joseph  Jacobs 

44  Chichester  Place 

1844  to  1850 

John  Jones 

338  Strand 

1817  to  1840 

John  Jupp 

168  Boro'  High  St. 

1838  to  1840 

J.  &  J.  Aidous 

67  Berwick  St,  Soho 

1820  to  1837 

Joseph  &  John  Angeil 

54  Compton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1838  to  1839 

John  J.  Austin 

109  Oxford  St. 

1804  to  1814 

John  J.  Kembler 

22  Park  Side,  Knightsbridge 

1819  to  1837 

John  &  James  McRae 

17  Ave  Maria  Lane 

1844  to  1850 

Jos.  &  John  Wright 

4  Spicer  Row,  Gosweli  St. 

1814  to  1815 

John  James  Keith 

59  Britannia  Terrace 

1846  to  1850 

John  Lacy 

1  Commercial  Road,  Whitechapel 

1825  to  1828 

John  Law 

Commercial  Road, Whitechapel 

1825  to  1835 

J.  Levy 

20  Carter  St,  Houndsditch 

1819 

Joseph  Lewis 

21  Aldgate  High  St. 

1810  to  1813 

John  Lias 

8  Finsbury  St. 

1811  to  1840 

John  Lias  &  Son 

8  Finsbury  St. 

1841  to  1843 

John  Lias  &  Son 

7  Salisbury  Court 

1844  to  1850 

James  Lloyd 

427  Oxford  St. 

1813  to  1817 

Joseph  Lomax 

9  Holborn  Bars 

1840 

J.  L.  Simonds 

129  Holborn  Hill 

1806  to  1820 

J.  L.  Simonds 

20  Holborn  Hill 

1822  to  1823 

J.  L.  Simonds 

19  Holborn  Hill 

1824  to  1839 

John  Martin 

9  Carey  Lane 

1802  to  1804 

Joseph  Martin 

59  Borough 

1806  to  1814 

Joseph  Marston 

38  Seward  St,  Gosweli  St. 

1819 

Joseph  Miller 

7  Broad  Court,  Drury  Lane 

1848  to  1849 

LONDON    SILVERSMITHS 


339 


John  Murray 

63  St.  Mary  Axe. 

1833  to  1834 

J.  Murray 

99  Upper  East  Smithfield 

1816  to  1829 

J.  Murray  &  J.  Hall 

22  Upper  East  Smithfield 

1830  to  1832 

J.  Murray 

18  Upper  East  Smithfield 

1833  to  1837 

J.  &  M.  Johnson 

Camberwell  Green 

1840 

John  M.  Wintle 

9  Church  St,  Trinity  Square 

1841  to  1842 

John  M.  Wintle 

54  Drury  Lane 

1848  to  1850 

John  Nichols 

38  Castle  St,  Leicester  Square 

1839  to  1848 

James  Overan 

5  Compton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1840  to  1845 

John  Parker 

2  Rathbone  Place 

1801  to  1804 

Josiah  Parker 

68  Mortimer  St,  Cavendish  Square 

1806  to  1816 

John  Paul 

386  Strand 

1814  to  1815 

James  Peachey 

38  Goswell  St. 

1827  to  1840 

J.  Peppin 

22  Greville  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1818 

John  Perkins 

7  North  Place,  Gray's  Inn  Lane 

1844  to  1846 

J.  Perry 

40  Oxford  St. 

1840 

John  Pierson 

93  High  St,  Whitechapel 

1840 

John  Pratt 

48  Newington  Causeway 

1819 

Joseph  Preedy 

6  Great  Newport  St,  Soho 

1806  to  1808 

J.  Prior 

11  Newington  Causeway 

1812  to  1817 

J.  P.  Acklam 

423  Strand 

1822  to  1823 

J.  Ramsay 

17  Liquorpond  St. 

1824  to  1828 

J.  Read 

71  London  Wall 

1812 

John  Reeve 

60  St.  Paul's  Church  Yard 

1814  to  1815 

Joseph  Roberts 

217  Tooley  St,  Borough 

1819 

James  Roberts 

95  Regent  St. 

1833  to  1838 

J.  Robins 

37  St.  John  Square,  Clerkenwell 

1824  to  1830 

John  Robinson 

52  Bishopsgate  St. 

1820  to  1821 

John  Robinson  &  Son 

153  Leadenhall  St. 

1820  to  1837 

James  Robinson 

21  Bow  St,  Covent  Garden 

1822  to  1823 

John  Rose 

1  Valentine  Row, Blackfriars  Road 

1819 

John  Rose 

.    96  Fleet  Market 

1826  to  1835 

James  Ruel 

lO  Little  Wild  St. 

1819 

Jacob  Russell 

lO  Shoreditch 

1823  to  1837 

J.  Rutland 

49  Mortimer  St,  Cavendish  Square 

1837  to  1840 

John  Salkeld 

423  Strand 

1801  to  1810 

John  Sanders 

3  Holborn  Hill 

1808  to  1813 

John  Sari 

210  High  St,  Borough 

1833  to  1840 

John  Sari 

197  Boro'  High  St. 

1841  to  1842 

340 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


John  Sari  &  Sons 

18  Cornhill 

1844  to  1850 

Joseph  Savory 

lO  Poultry 

1801  to  1808 

Joseph  Savory 

48  Cheapside 

1810  to  1817 

James  Sayer 

68  Drury  Lane 

1849 

John  Shackelton 

13  Old  St,  St.  Lukes 

1801 

John  Short 

15  Lime  St,  City 

1845  to  1858 

John  Simonds 

3  Southampton  Row,  Russell  Sq. 

1834  to  1850 

John  Simpson 

6  Middle  Row,  Holborn 

1806  to  1823 

John  Smee 

1  Minories 

1841  to  1848 

John  Smith 

251  Borough 

1807  to  1832 

John  Smith 

38  Strand 

1832  to  1840 

John  Smith 

18  Pickett  St,  Strand 

1826  to  1828 

Joseph  Smith 

2  Little  Bartholomew  Close 

1810  to  1816 

John  Steward 

116  Bunhili  Row 

1802  to  1804 

Joshua  Storrs 

106  Cheapside 

1842  to  1845 

J.  Stroud 

4  Burleigh  St,  Strand 

1819  to  1823 

J.  Tapley  &  Son 

4  Horseshoe  Court,  Ludgate  Hill 

1843  to  1845 

J.  Tapley  &  Son 

40  Roupell  St,  Cornwall  Road 

1848  to  1850 

John  Tatum 

53  Dorset  St,  Salisbury  Square 

1814  to  1823 

John  Taylor 

St.  Martins  Churchyard 

1811  to  1828 

Joseph  Taylor 

2  Bouverie  St,  Fleet  St. 

1808  to  1824 

Joseph  Taylor 

65  King  St,  Soho 

1839  to  1846 

John  Tearce 

86  Crown  St,  Tudor  St. 

1841  to  1847 

John  Tease 

27  Penton  Place 

1848  to  1849 

John  Thomas 

153  New  Bond  St. 

1819 

J,  Thompson 

Grosvenor  Row,  Pimlico 

1834  to  1835 

James  Tidbury 

95  Swallow  St. 

1801  to  1817 

J.  Troup 

233  Tooley  St. 

1816  to  1818 

James  Turner 

3  Old  St. 

1809 

J.  T.  Bartram 

Princes  St,  Leicester  Square 

1801  to  1837 

J.  T.  Bennett 

156  Fenchurch  St. 

1837  to  1839 

J.T.  Grey 

68  Leadenhall  St. 

1840 

J.  T.  Neale 

40  Duke  St,  Manchester  Square 

1836  to  1848 

J.  &T.  Perry 

131  Oxford  St. 

1831  to  1834 

John  Wakefield 

4  Pump  Row,  Old  Street  Road 

1811 

John  Wakefield 

2  King  St,  Goswell  St. 

1819 

J.Walker 

47  Bishopsgate  St.  Without 

1825 

J.  Wassell 

9  Pickett  St,  Fleet  St. 

1813  to  1841 

John  Weils 

6  Hammerswell 

1819 

LONDON    SILVERSMITHS 


341 


John  Westlake 

33 

Borough 

1824  to  1830 

John  Westlake 

41 

Castle  St,  Borough 

1831  to  1833 

John  White 

18 

Aylesbury  St. 

1814  to  1815 

John  J.  Whiting 

107 

Bunhill  Row 

1848  to  1850 

Joseph  Wilimore 

136 

Salisbury  Square,  Fleet  St. 

1814  to  1815 

Joseph  Wilimore 

11 

Thavies  Inn,  Holborn 

1833  to  1838 

John  Wilson 

55 

Houndsditch 

1815 

James  Wintle 

30 

North  St,  City  Road 

1820  to  1828 

Jacob  Wintle 

21 

Roupell  St,  Lambeth 

1848  to  1850 

Joseph  Wood 

6  Great  Russell  St,  Bloomsbury 

1840 

Jabez  Woodhill 

63  St.  Paul's  Churchyard 

1829  to  1838 

John  Wort 

93 

Bishopsgate  Without 

1808  to  1811 

John  W.  Denning 

S 

Red  Lion  St,  Borough 

1842  to  1843 

J.  W.  Figg 

Wellington  St,  Goswell  St. 

1840 

John  W.  Pryor 

67 

Newington  Causeway 

1832  to  1840 

Kensington  Lewis 

22 

St.  James  St. 

1825  to  1839 

Lewis  Abrahams 

438 

Strand 

1844  to  1869 

L.  Franklin 

11 

Camomile  St,  Bishopsgate 

1819  to  1830 

Leonard  Hill  &  Son 

75 

High  Holborn 

1839  to  1840 

Lawrence  Notley 

125 

High  St,  Borough 

1821  to  1837 

Mary  Chawner 

16 

Hosier  Lane,  Smithfield 

1838  to  1844 

M.  Crosswell 

31 

Monkwell  St. 

1808  to  1837 

Mark  Davis 

49 

London  Road,  Southwark 

1839  to  1840 

Moses  Emanuel 

23 

Hanway  St,  Oxford  St. 

1811  to  1815 

Mary  &  Eliza  Sumner 

1 

Clerkenwell  Close 

1812  to  1814 

M.  Forristall  &  J.  Bird 

1 

Warwick  Row,  Blackf  riars  Road 

1831  to  1832 

Margaret  Gordon 

336  Strand 

1812  to  1814 

Mary  Harding 

1 

Holies  St,  Cavendish  Square 

1837  to  1838 

M.  Hopgood 

202 

Bishopsgate  Without 

1836  to  1850 

Mahala  Jago 

6  Tabernacle  Row,  City  Road 

1840  to  1845 

Michael  Jones 

18 

Bury  St,  St.  Mary  Axe 

1846 

Moses  Levy 

34 

Minories 

1804 

Montague  Levyson 

17 

Broad  St.  Building 

1830  to  1833 

Montague  Levyson 

5 

New  Broad  St. 

1834  to  1839 

Matthew  Linwood 

An 

derton's  Coffee  House,  Fleet  St. 

1816  to  1817 

M.  Moses 

18 

Bury  St,  St.  Mary  Axe 

1840  to  1849 

M.  Mariott 

27 

Fenchurch  St. 

1823  to  1829 

Matthew  Oliver 

134 

High  St,  Whitechapel 

1835  to  1840 

M.  Phillips 

121 

Leadenhall  St. 

1835  to  1837 

342 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


Matthew  Pryor 

20  Gracechurch  St. 

1819 

M.  Spink  &  Son 

2  Gracechurch  St. 

1801  to  1850 

Mary  Sumner 

1  Clerkenwell  Close 

1808  to  1811 

Matthew  Weed 

13  Aldgate  High  St. 

1842 

Mary  Willis 

81  Bishopgate  St  Within 

1810  to  1835 

N.  Carter 

24  Fleet  St. 

1801  to  1824 

Nicholas  Edwards 

98  Leadenhall  St. 

1806  to  1807 

Newson  Garrett 

1  Commercial  Road,  Whitechapel 

1838 

N.  Hart 

5  King  St,  Finsbury 

1816  to  1817 

Nathaniel  Jeffreys 

34  Pall  Mall 

1801  to  1804 

Nathaniel  Pryor 

20  Gracechurch  St. 

1810  to  1833 

N.  W.  Morrison 

143  Blackfriars  Road 

1831  to  1834 

Obadiah  Cooper 

1  Well  St,  Wellclose  Square 

1815 

Phineas  Barratt 

14  Strand 

1801  to  1803 

P.  Lawton 

21  Green  St,  Leicester  Square 

1819 

P.  Lindeman 

134  Whitechapel 

1813 

Peter  M.  Gottheimer 

99  Bridge  Road,  Lambeth 

1844  to  1850 

Peter  Patmore  &  Co. 

33  Ludgate  Hill 

1803  to  1821 

P.  R.  Higham 

42  Norton  Folgate 

1823 

Robert  Bartcer 

135  High  Holborn 

1822  to  1823 

Robert  Beauchamp 

147  Holborn 

1812  to  1831 

R.  Booth 

Church  Hill,  Woolwich 

1816  to  1817 

Richard  Britton 

46  Great  Sutton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1848 

Richard  Brook 

1  Poultry 

1815  to  1823 

R.  Brook  &  Co. 

1  Poultry 

1840 

Robert  Chandler 

8  Leicester  Square 

1801  to  1833 

Richard  Clarke  &  Son 

62  Cheapside 

1804  to  1823 

Richard  Cooke 

29  Bell  Yard,  Temple  Bar 

1801  to  1803 

Richard  Cooke 

3  Carey  St,  Lincoln's  Inn 

1806  to  1815 

Robert  Death 

27  Wellington  St,  Goswell  St. 

1842  to  1850 

Robert  Downes 

28  Cowper  St,  City  Road 

1840  to  1849 

Robert  England 

Near  Town  Hall,  Southwalk 

1834  to  1839 

R.  England 

261  Borough  High  St. 

1838  to  1839 

Robert  Essex 

223  Strand 

1824  to  1834 

Richard  Ewins 

18  Ray  St,  Clerkenwell 

1848 

Robert  Forrester 

75  Aldersgate  St. 

1820  to  1822 

Robert  Gaze 

71  Shoe  Lane 

1809  to  1819 

R.  G.  Hennell 

5  Snow  Hill 

1838  to  1839 

R.  G.  King 

9  Great  Sutton  St.  Goswell  St. 

1825  to  1826 

LONDON    SILVERSMITHS 


343 


Rowland  Hastings 

3 

Angel  Court,  Skinner  St. 

1816 

Robert  Hennell 

35 

Noble  St,  Falcon  Square 

1811  to  1817 

R.  Hennell  &  Sons 

3 

Lancaster  Court,  Strand 

1818 

R.  Hennell  &  Son 

14  Northumberland  St,  Strand 

1829  to  1835 

R.  Hennell 

14 

Northumberland  St. 

1836  to  1850 

Richard  Hoby 

34 

High  Holborn 

1814  to  1822 

Robert  Hufflin 

6 

Oddy's  Row,  Islington  Green 

1839 

R.  H.  Starcke 

51 

London  Wall 

1811  to  1815 

R.  J.  Baylis 

41 

Aldersgate  St. 

1826  to  1838 

Robert  Lewis 

22 

Oxford  St. 

1827  to  1840 

R.  Marchant 

20 

Mortimer  St,  Cavendish  Square 

1822  to  1823 

Robert  Marchant 

351 

Oxford  St. 

1840 

R.  Marks 

123 

Oxford  St. 

1839 

Robert  Metham 

57 

Bartholomew  Close 

1809  to  1816 

R.  Needham 

56 

Piccadilly 

1801  to  1816 

Robert  Needham 

Near  Turnpike  Bridge  Road, Lambeth 

1814  to  1815 

R.  Peppin 

22 

Greville  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1824  to  1832 

Robert  Roberts 

16  Norton  Folgate 

1841  to  1842 

Robert  Rutland 

13 

Lisle  St,  Leicester  Square 

1810  to  1828 

Richard  Sibley 

30 

Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1814  to  1839 

Richard  Sibley 

10 

Dufour's  Place,  Golden  Square 

1841  to  1850 

Richard  Sullivan 

4 

Deptford  Bridge 

1841  to  1844 

Robert  Tallack 

17 

Upper  Ashby  St,  Goswell  Road 

1845 

Richard  Thomas&Son 

3 

Strand 

1820  to  1830 

R.  T.  Perkins 

King's  Road,  Sloane  Square 

1835  to  1837 

R.  Urquhart 

74 

Little  Britain 

1802  to  1804 

Robert  Wallis 

6 

President  St,  East 

1850 

R.  Westwood 

19 

Princes  St,  Leicester  Square 

1822  to  1823 

R.  W.  &T.  Hedges 

135 

Drury  Lane,  Holborn 

1819 

Stephen  Adams 

3 

St.  Ann's  Lane,  Aldersgate 

1801  to  1824 

S.  A.  Roberts  &  Co. 

5 

Bridgewater  Square 

1839  to  1852 

S.  Barrow 

47 

High  St,  Bloomsbury 

1821 

Sophia  Bull 

124 

Leadenhall  St. 

1824  to  1832 

Samuel  Cave 

18 

High  St,  Marylebone 

1838  to  1840 

Samuel  Clark 

62 

Wynyatt  St,  Clerkenwell 

1840 

Samuel  Clarke 

16  Thavie's  Inn,  Holborn 

1839  to  1842 

Mrs.  Sarah  Clark 

16  Thavie's  Inn,  Holborn 

1843 

Samuel  Cohen 

226 

High  St,  Shadwell 

1825 

S.  Crespel 

White  Hart  Court,  Leicester  Sq. 

1849  to  1850 

344 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


Samuel  Davis 

17  Bartholomew  Close 

1811 

Samuel  Durant 

197  Tottenham  Court  Road 

1809  to  1811 

Simon  Emanuel 

10  Marylebone  Lane,  Oxford  St. 

1819  to  1840 

Samuel  S.  Edkins 

16  Salisbury  Square,  Fleet  St. 

1838  to  1841 

S.  Edkins  &  Son 

16  Salisbury  Square,  Fleet  St. 

1850 

Samuel  Foster 

27  Hamilton  Row,  King's  Cross 

1840 

Samuel  Harding 

131  Oxford  St. 

1813  to  1828 

Samuel  Hawgood 

28  Surrey  Place,  Old  Kent  Road 

1842  to  1845 

Samuel  Hennell 

11  Foster  Lane,  Cheapside 

1817  to  1818 

Samuel  Jacobs 

5  Park  Side,  Knightsbridge 

1846  to  1850 

Samuel  Jackson 

2431/2  Strand 

1839 

Samuel  Jackson 

8  Milford  Lane,  Strand 

1841 

Samuel  Jones 

78  Cheapside 

1840 

Susannah  Jupp 

30  Broad  St,  Bloomsbury 

1834  to  1839 

S.  M.  Charouneau 

11  Marylebone  St,  Golden  Square 

1815  to  1819 

Samuel  Nelme 

9  &  10  Bishopsgate  Without 

1816  to  1819 

Stephen  Noad 

23  Charles  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1839  to  1849 

Samuel  Norman 

50  Prince's  St,  Leicester  Square 

1824  to  1840 

S.  &  Nicholas  Latter 

80  Ratciiff  Highway 

1819 

S.  Peppin 

22  Greville  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1823 

Susan  Peppin 

20  Kirby  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1840 

S.  Phillips  &  Co. 

10  Shoreditch 

1811 

S.  Purver 

2  Clerkenwell  Close 

1819 

Samuel  Roberts 

251  High  Holborn 

1819 

S.  Salmon 

2  New  St,  Covent  Garden 

1812 

Samuel  Skelton 

162  Bishopsgate  Without 

1839 

Samuel  Skelton 

44  Albany  St,  Regents  Park 

1840 

Samuel  Solomon 

2  New  St,  Covent  Garden 

1806  to  1813 

Samuel  Wheatley 

3  Old  St,  St.  Luke's 

1814  to  1815 

S.  Whitaker 

12  Long  Lane,  Smithfield 

1828  to  1838 

S.  Whitaker 

15  Denmark  Court,  Strand 

1814  to  1815 

S.  Whitford 

4  Porter  St,  Soho 

1840  to  1848 

S.  Whitford  &  Son 

4  Porter  St,  Soho 

1849  to  1850 

Thomas  Austin 

4  Goswell  St. 

1819  to  1827 

Thomas  Austin 

4  Ratciiff  Terrace,  Goswell  Road 

1828  to  1837 

T.  Askey 

121  Leadenhail  St. 

1832  to  1834 

T.  A.  Parsons 

Houndsditch 

1819 

Thomas  Balliston 

24  Banner  St,  Old  St. 

1819 

Thomas  Burlton 

16  Beckford  Row,  Walworth 

1841  to  1850 

LONDON    SILVERSMITHS 


345 


Thomas  Burwash 

91  Bishopsgate  St  Without 

1825  to  1827 

Thomas  B.  Gamson 

4  Beauvoir  Place 

1845  to  1851 

T.  B.  Sowerby 

78  Chiswell  St. 

1831  to  1837 

T.  Carr 

18  Bridge  St,  Westmister 

1802  to  1812 

Thomas  Carter 

2  Walbrook  Place,  City  Road 

1819 

Thomas  Clark 

Exeter  Change,  Strand 

1819 

T.  Cook 

20  Kirby  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1841  to  1846 

Thomas  Cording 

21  Holborn 

1804  to  1806 

Thomas  Cording 

37  Aldgate  High  St. 

1828  to  1831 

Thomas  Cottereil 

99  Shoe  Lane,  Fleet  St. 

1819 

Thomas  Cottereil 

163  Oxford  St. 

1826  to  1838 

Thomas  C.  Savory 

54  Cornhill 

1829  to  1850 

Thomas  Davis 

5  Middle  Row,  Holborn 

1840 

Thomas  Dean 

SO  Minories 

1801 

T.  Dennett 

2  New  St,  Covent  Garden 

1801  to  1806 

T.  Dexter 

125  Whitechapel  Road 

1833  to  1836 

Thomas  Diller 

1  Richmond  Buildings,  Soho 

1839  to  1850 

Thomas  Dobson 

35  Chiswell  St. 

1804  to  1807 

Thomas  Dockwray 

15  Princes  St,  Soho 

1810  to  1814 

T.  S.  Seagars 

54  Rahere  St,  Goswell  Road 

1849  to  1850 

Thomas  Freeman 

15  Castle  St,  Holborn 

1842  to  1845 

Thomas  Fisher 

98  Newgate  St. 

1821 

Thomas  Fisher 

75  Holborn  Bridge 

1816  to  1817 

Thomas  Gardner 

33  Maiden  Lane,  Covent  Garden 

1815 

Thomas  Goode 

102  Goswell  St. 

1828  to  1839 

T.  Cosier 

31  Fore  St,  Moorgate 

1807  to  1822 

T.  Guest  &  Son 

67  Red  Lion  St,  Holborn 

1806  to  1809 

Thomas  Hamlet 

1  Princes  St. 

1801  to  1840 

Thomas  Hastings 

131  St.  John  St  Road 

1841  to  1843 

T.  H.  Headland 

15  Great  Sutton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1840  to  1850 

Thomas  Hoby 

34  High  Holborn 

1801  to  1813 

Thomas  Holland 

167  Fleet  St. 

1811  to  1815 

T.  B.  Hopgood 

202  Bishopsgate  St  Without 

1824  to  1832 

Thomas  Hunt 

151  Tottenham  Court  Road 

1839  to  1840 

T.  Imnes 

9  Princes  St,  Bedford  Row 

1827  to  1832 

Thomas  James 

98  Newgate  St. 

1817 

Thomas  Jenkinson 

20  High  St,  St.  Giles 

1807 

Thomas  Johnson 

184  Bishopsgate  Without 

1836  to  1838 

T.  J.  Bartram 

22  Princes  St,  Leicester  Square 

1802  to  1812 

346 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


T.  &  J.  Bartram 

26  Princes  St,  Leicester  Square 

1832  to  1833 

T.  J.  Bennett 

156  Fenchurch  St. 

1831  to  1836 

Thos.  &  John  Stevens 

82  Wardour  St,  Soho 

1824  to  1833 

Thomas  Layton 

83  Wardour  St,  Soho 

1806  to  1822 

Thomas  L,  Vinton 

5  Park  Side,  Knightsbridge 

1837  to  1845 

T.  L.&  J.  W.Thomas 

153  New  Bond  St. 

1840 

T.  Martin 

245  Tooley  St. 

1816  to  1817 

Thomas  IVIiller 

1  Goad's  Row,  Westminster 

1811  to  1819 

T.  M.  Skrymsher 

120  Oxford  St. 

1838  to  1839 

Thomas  Pace 

128  Whitechapel 

1806  to  1822 

1  Thomas  Page 

Sherrard  St,  Golden  Square 

1807  to  1815 

Thomas  Parker 

63  Mortimer  St. 

1807  to  1810 

Thomas  Payne 

95  Wardour  St,  Soho 

1810 

T.  Peirson 

90  Shoreditch 

1812  to  1813 

T.  Price  Jones 

8  Bridges  Row,  Lambeth 

1832 

Thomas  Perry 

131  Oxford  St. 

1840 

T.  Pilkington 

27  Goppice  Row,  Glerkenwell 

1820  to  1828 

T.  Pilkington 

39  Percival  St,  Northampton  Sq. 

1829  to  1837 

Thomas  Potter 

26  Newcastle  St,  Strand 

1840 

Thomas  Remett 

16  Frith  St,  Soho 

1815 

Timothy  Renou 

45  St.  Johns  St. 

1801  to  1804 

Thomas  Richard  &Son 

3  Strand 

1821 

Thomas  Roberts 

53  Cheapside 

1810  to  1813 

T.  Robins 

35  St.  Johns  Square,  Glerkenwell 

1807  to  1820 

Thomas  Ross 

19  Green  St,  Leicester  Square 

1823 

T.  R.  Furness 

182  Strand 

1830  to  1833 

Thomas  Savage 

36  Paradise  St,  Lambeth 

1839 

Thomas  Shepherd 

38  Conduit  St,  Regent  St. 

1845  to  1847 

Thomas  Sherborn 

1  St.  James  St. 

1814  to  1815 

T.  Skrymsher 

86  Gharlotte  St,  Fitzroy  Square 

1836  to  1840 

Thomas  Sowerby 

35  Ghiswell  St. 

1816  to  1830 

Thomas  Stephens 

82  Wardour  St,  Soho 

1835  to  1838 

Thomas  Streetin 

34  Great  Sutton  St,  Glerkenwell 

1840  to  1843 

T.  Tate 

1  Cambridge  St,  Golden  Square 

1838 

Thomas  Thomas 

■314  High  St  Borough 

1819  to  1826 

Thomas  Thomas 

7  Blackman  St,  Borough 

1828  to  1836 

Thomas  Thresher 

304  Oxford  St. 

1840 

Thomas  Vincent 

145  High  Holborn 

1811  to  1823 

Thomas  Wallis 

54  Red  Lion  St,  Glerkenwell 

1806  to  1815 

LONDON   SILVERSMITHS 


347 


Thomas  Wheeler 

287 

High  Holborn 

1819 

Thomas  Wiltshire 

46 

Lombard  St. 

1801  to  1817 

ThomasWiltshire&Sons 

36  Cornhill 

1839  to  1840 

Thomas  W.  Barker 

6 

Kirby  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1815  to  1819 

T.  W.  Mathews 

105 

Minories 

1804 

T.  &  W.  Vespers 

4  Grosvenor  PI,  Commercial  Road 

1840 

William  Abdy 

5 

Oat  Lane,  Falcon  Square 

1819 

William  Allen 

35 

Noble  St,  Falcon  Square 

1808  to  1810 

William  Allen 

29 

Rahere  St,  Goswell  Road 

1844  to  1847 

William  Baker 

11 

Upper  George  St,  Portman  Sq. 

1819  to  1823 

William  Bannister 

6 

Algate  Within 

1807  to  1811 

William  Barrett 

18 

Redcross  Square 

1824  to  1830 

William  Bartram 

26 

Prince's  St,  Leicester  Square 

1838 

William  Bateman,  Jr. 

108 

Bunhill  Row 

1840 

William  Bell 

6 

Clements  Lane,  Lombard  St. 

1814  to  1817 

W.  Bellchambers 

270 

High  St  Borough 

1828 

William  Bennett 

49 

Little  Bartholomew  Close 

1806  to  1823 

William  Bennett 

38 

Castle  St,  Finsbury 

1839 

William  Best 

16 

Wimpole  St. 

1840 

William  Bishop 

170 

New  Bond  St. 

1840  to  1850 

William  Boustrecl 

161 

Oxford  St. 

1801  to  1809 

W.  Bradford 

93 

Bishopsgate  Without 

1802  to  1809 

William  Brown 

53 

Bartholomew  Close 

1838  to  1844 

William  Burwash 

14 

Bartholomew  Close,  Smithfield 

1819  to  1823 

William  Butland 

38 

Whitechapel  Road 

1837  to  1839 

Wm.  Butland  &  Walker 

38 

Whitechapel  Road 

1842 

W.  B.  Tomlinson 

11 

Upper  George  St,  Portman  Sq. 

1834  to  1837 

William  Chaulk 

106 

Strand 

1827  to  1828 

William  Chawner 

16 

Hosier  Lane,  Smithfield 

1819  to  1837 

William  Chinnery 

23  Wellington  St,  Goswell  St. 

1840  to  1843 

William  Crambrook 

379 

Strand 

1838  to  1839 

William  Christmas 

52 

King  Square,  Goswell  Road 

1848  to  1858 

W.Clarke 

8 

Sun  St,  Bishopsgate 

1801  to  1807 

William  Cochran 

266 

Regent  St. 

1839 

William  Cooper 

39 

Kirby  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1839  to  1850 

W.  Cording 

118 

Minories 

1802  to  1804 

W.  Cording 

161 

Ratcliff  Highway 

1819 

William  Cording 

39 

Aldgate  High  St. 

1822  to  1823 

William  Cordy 

79  Snow  Hill 

1801  to  1814 

348 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


W.  Gumming 

74  Mortimer  St,  Cavendish  Square 

1848  to  1850 

William  Davis 

124  Newgate  St. 

1806  to  1828 

William  Day 

9  Horseferry  Road 

1840 

William  Dobree 

68  Oxford  St. 

1820  to  1838 

W.  Easterbrooke 

9  Brownlow  St,  Drury  Lane 

1836  to  1841 

William  Eaton 

30  Addle  St,  Wood  St. 

1819 

William  Eaton 

16  Jewin  Crescent 

1827  to  1846 

William  Edwards 

5  Percival  St,  Goswell  St. 

1819 

William  Edwards 

19  Sekforde  St,  Clerkenwell 

1846  to  1850 

W.  Eley 

3  Level's  Court,  Paternoster  Row 

1826  to  1830 

William  Elliott 

25  Compton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1810  to  1844 

William  Else 

35  Burlington  Arcade,  Piccadilly 

1840 

W.  Esterbrooke 

20  Hanover  St,  Long  Acre 

1829  to  1837 

W.  E.  Weatherley 

186  Fleet  St. 

1824  to  1832 

W.  E.  Weatherley 

162  Fleet  St. 

1833  to  1836 

William  Fawdington 

110  Leadenhall  St. 

1822  to  1823 

William  Fenner 

7  Skinner  St,  Somers  Town 

1843  to  1844 

William  Fitchew 

400  Oxford  St. 

1839  to  1859 

William  Flemming 

105  Whitechapel 

1812  to  1821 

William  Fleming 

79  Fleet  St. 

1822  to  1823 

W.  Folkard 

142  Gt.  Surrey  St,  Blackfriars  Road 

1822  to  1828 

William  Forrest 

34  Strand 

1836  to  1839 

William  Foster 

134  St.  Martins  Lane 

1817 

William  Fountain 

47  Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1807  to  1812 

William  Fountain 

King  St,  Goswell  St. 

1815  to  1819 

William  Frisbee 

Bridewell  Hospital,  New  Bridge  St. 

1811  to  1815 

William  Cording 

37  High  St,  Aldgate 

1819 

William  Gordon 

92  St.  Martin's  Lane 

1807  to  1810 

William  Grissell 

7  King  St,  Clerkenwell 

1847  to  1848 

W.  G.  Cockerell,  Jr. 

46  Blackman  St,  Borough 

1828  to  1832 

William  George  Ring 

114  Fleet  St. 

1819 

William  Hall 

93  High  St,  Marylebone 

1819 

W.  Harris 

145  Fleet  St. 

1801  to  1807 

W.  Hatton 

15  Store  St,  Bedford  Sq. 

1837 

William  Heath 

62  Mortimer  St,  Cavendish  Sq. 

1840 

W.  Hewitt 

9  Great  Sutton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1835  to  1847 

William  Holden 

81  Quadrant 

1835  to  1836 

William  Holmes 

10  Clerkenwell  Green 

1801  to  1807 

William  Hunter 

13  Myrtle  St,  Hoxton 

1843  to  1850 

LONDON    SILVERSMITHS 


349 


W.  Hunter 

156  Fenchurch  St. 

1801  to  1803 

W.  H.  Fleming 

78  Fleet  Market 

1810  to  1830 

W.  H.Jones 

35  Cranmer  Place,  Waterloo  Road 

1843  to  1850 

W.  H.  Osborn 

115  Great  Russell  St,  Bloomsbury 

1840 

William  and                  -. 
Henry  Papprill      j 

53  Bartholomew  Close 

1845 

W.  H.  Sharpe 

16  Redcross  Square,  Cripplegate 

1821  to  1828 

William  Ingram 

3  Little  Russell  St,  Russell  Square 

1819 

William  &  Jas.  Birkett 

16  Prince's  St,  Soho 

1807 

W.J.  Blake 

16  Long  Acre 

1831  to  1834 

William  J.  Fryer 

50  Cheapside 

1841  to  1843 

W.  &  J.  Marriott 

27  Fenchurch  St. 

1830  to  1840 

William  &  Jno.  Oliver 

19  Holborn  Hill 

1841 

William  J.  Prior 

67  Newington  Causeway 

1825  to  1831 

W.  &J.  Yates 

103  Oxford  St. 

1836  to  1837 

W.  King 

34  High  Holborn 

1824  to  1838 

William  King 

9  Great  Sutton  St,  Goswell  St. 

1827  to  1834 

William  Kingdon 

3  St.  Johns  Square 

1813 

William  Kirkham 

8  Bridge  House  Place,  Borough 

1829  to  1831 

William  Knight 

15  Bartholomew  Close 

1819  to  1830 

William  Knight 

7  Westmoreland  Bidg,  Aldersgate  St. 

1839  to  1852 

William  K.  Reid 

5  Bream's  Bldg,  Chancery  Lane 

1830  to  1850 

W.  Makepeace  and    i 
Rob.  Henry          i 

5  Searle  St,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields 

1834  to  1837 

William  Marriott 

27  Fenchurch  St. 

1841  to  1846 

William  Marshall 

3  Wellington  Terrace,  Clapham  Rise 

1850 

Wm.  Matthews  &  Smith 

128  Minories 

1819 

William  Mitchell 

63  St.  Mary  Axe 

1819 

W.  Moon 

4  Holborn  Hill 

1819 

Walter  Morrisse 

52  Aldersgate  St. 

1835  to  1842 

Walter  Morrisse 

5  Jewin  Crescent 

1843  to  1850 

William  Mote 

2  Little  Warner  St,  Clerkenwell 

1841 

William  Mott 

121  Bishopsgate  Within 

1822  to  1840 

W.  Mott 

7  Pickett  St,  Temple  Bar 

1827  to  1835 

W.  Mott 

252  Strand 

1836  to  1839 

W.  &M.  Fillmer 

Kent  Road 

1819 

W.  M.  Smellie 

90  Ratcliff  Highway 

1819 

William  Neal 

41  Clerkenwell  Close 

1839  to  1850 

William  Neate 

3  Sweeting's  Alley,  Cornhill 

1814  to  1832 

350 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


William  Newby 

43  Drury  Lane 

1819 

William  Page 

17  Liquorpond  St. 

1813  to  1818 

William  Parker 

74  Little  Britain 

1808  to  1819 

William  Parr 

20  Strand 

1807  to  1813 

William  Peirce 

188  High  St,  Shoreditch 

1840 

William  Phillips 

3  St.  Johns  Square 

1848  to  1850 

William  Pincher 

1  Up.  Ashby  St,  Northampton  Sq. 

1842  to  1843 

William  Plumley 

43  LudgateHill 

1804  to  1828 

William  Potter 

17  Craven  St,  Strand 

1840  to  1850 

William  Pulleyn 

110  Leadenhall  St. 

1818  to  1819 

William  Purse 

336  Strand 

1801  to  1806 

William  Ralfs 

69  Great  Queen  St. 

1843 

William  Rickards 

54  Drury  Lane 

1842 

William  Rt.  Smily 

9  Camomile  St,  Bishopsgate 

1844  to  1850 

William  Sanford 

15  Conduit  St,  New  Bond  St. 

1819 

William  Schofield 

2  Clerkenwell  Close 

1825  to  1831 

William  Skeggs 

355  Rotherhithe  St. 

1840 

Waller  Smithson 

233  Tooley  St,  Borough 

1830  to  1831 

William  Sowerly 

81  Cable  St,  Wellclose  Sq. 

1819 

William  Squire 

12  Ludgate  Hill 

1801  to  1813 

William  Stephens 

9  Fish  St  Hill 

1806  to  1814 

William  Stevens 

91  Bishopsgate  Without 

1849  to  1850 

William  Stevenson 

27  Lombard  St. 

1801  to  1826 

W.  Sumner 

1  Clerkenwell  Close 

1801  to  1810 

W.  S.  Haynes 

58  Farringdon  St. 

1840 

W.  &S.  Mullins 

12  Staverton  Row,  Newington 

1819 

Walter  Tarrant 

8  Vigo  St,  Regent  St. 

1850 

W.  Theobalds  &  Co. 

7  Salisbury  Court,  Fleet  St. 

1841  to  1844 

William  Thomas 

10  Strand 

1836  to  1838 

W.  Thos.  Barker 

6  Kirby  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1822 

W.  &T.  Rowlands 

92  Quadrant,  Regent  St. 

1839  to  1840 

William  &  Thos.  Tyas 

36  Barbican 

1825 

W.  T.  Wilcox 

139  Aldersgate  St. 

1832  to  1834 

William  Usherwood 

19  Strand 

1830  to  1833 

William  Wakefield 

149  Whitechapel  Road 

1807  to  1813 

William  Wakefield 

153  Whitechapel  Road 

1816  to  1828 

W.  Wattson 

42  WatlingSt. 

1801  to  1809 

William  Wheatcroft 

32  Poultry 

1848  to  1849 

William  Williams 

223  Oxford  St. 

1845  to  1847 

LONDON    SILVERSMITHS 


351 


W.Windsor 

105  Whitechapel 

1809  to  1810 

William  Wright 

9  Great  Sutton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1848 

W. Young 

88  Newgate  St. 

1830  to  1832 

William  Yates 

103  Oxford  St. 

1833  to  1835 

William  Young  Fox 

55  Goswell  Road 

1845 

Names  of  Firms  which  have  no  distinguishing  Initials. 


Albra  &  Co. 

9  Chiswell  St. 

1808 

Arrowsmith  &  Co. 

70  St.  Pauls  Churchyard 

1820 

Alston  &  Lewis 

30  Bishopsgate  Within 

1816  to  1827 

Anderson  &  Post 

20  Cursitor  St,  Chancery  Lane 

1822  to  1823 

Atkins  &  Somersall 

11  Bridgewater  Square 

1839 

Angell  &  Son 

25  Panton  St,  Haymarket 

1841  to  1842 

Angell,  Son  &  Angell 

55  Compton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1840 

Ash  &  Sons 

64  St.  James  St. 

1814  to  1823 

Ashman  &  Son 

462  Strand 

1820  to  1830 

Aldred  &  Tooke 

18  St.  Johns  Square,  Clerkenwell 

1822  to  1823 

Aldred  &  Tooke 

30  Hatton  Garden 

1824  to  1833 

Barker  &  Co. 

142  Leadenhall  St, 

1840 

Bates  &  Doggett 

174  Oxford  St. 

1801  to  1808 

Barber  &  Jupp 

168  Borough 

1819  to  1837 

Barber  &  Lancaster 

42  Old  Compton  St,  Soho 

1807 

Banting  &  Muncaster 

14  Skinner  St,  Snow  Hill 

1819 

Brent  &  Peppin 

2  Greville  St,  Hatton  Garden 

1816  to  1823 

Barnard  &  Sons 

34  Paternoster  Row 

1830  to  1837 

Barnard  &  Sons 

Angel  St,  St.  Martins  le  Grand 

1841  to  1850 

Blake  &  Son 

16  Long  Acre 

1819 

Brassbridge  &  Son 

110  Fleet  St. 

1819 

Brown  &  Somersall 

53  Bartholomew  Close 

1840  to  1843 

Burrows  &  Son 

14  Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1801  to  1819 

Burwash  &  Sibley 

14  Bartholomew  Close 

1806  to  1824 

Chawner  &  Co. 

16  Hosier  Lane 

1840  to  1850 

Cotton  &  Head 

73  Wood  St. 

1811 

Chaffers  «St  Mills 

10  Greek  St,  Soho 

1823 

Camper  &  Rutland 

38  Whitechapel  Road 

1828  to  1836 

Craddock  &  Reid 

3  Carey  St,  Lincoln's  Inn 

1815  to  1826 

352 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


Clothier  &  Tarrant 

8  Vigo  St,  Regent  St. 

1848  to  1849 

Clark  &  Weatherley 

186  Fleet  St. 

1819  to  1832 

Dobson,  Clover  &  Co. 

144  Leadenhall  St. 

1827  to  1829 

Dockwray  &  Norman 

16  Princes  St,  Soho 

1816  to  1821 

Ernes  &  Barnard 

34  Paternoster  Row 

1819  to  1828 

Emanuel  Bros. 

1&2  Bevies  Marks 

1840 

Ellis  &  Collins 

52  Strand 

1802  to  1803 

Eley  &  Fearn 

1  Lovel's  Court,  Paternoster  Row 

1804  to  1811 

Eley,  Fearn  &  Eley 

1  Level's  Court,  Paternoster  Row 

1815  to  1823 

Ede  &  Hewat 

12  King  St,  GoswellSt. 

1810 

Elliott  &  Storey 

25  Compton  St,  Clerkenwell 

1811  to  1815 

Forristall  &  Bird 

lOO  Blackfriars  Road 

1833  to  1835 

Fleming  &  Hornblow 

5  Bishopsgate  St  Within 

1820 

Furness  &  IVIosley 

182  Strand 

1829 

Farmer  &  Son 

32  Tavistock  St,  Covent  Garden 

1811 

Gresham  &  Barber 

Blackman  St,  Borough 

1817  to  1820 

Greenwood  &  Co. 

12  Hanway  St,  Oxford  St. 

1822  to  1823 

Griffin  &  Co. 

142  Leadenhall  St. 

1819  to  1823 

Guest  &  Cradock 

67  Leather  Lane 

1809  to  1812 

Gordon  &  Foster 

134  St.  Martins  Lane 

1811  to  1816 

Grainger  &  Fisher 

75  Holborn  Bridge 

1822  to  1823 

Griffin  &  Hyams 

22  Cornhill 

1835  to  1840 

Grayhurst  &  Harvey 

65  Strand 

1807  to  1816 

Gass  &  Sons 

166  Regent  St. 

1836  to  1839 

Glover,  Shelley  &  Carter 

144  Leadenhall  St. 

1835  to  1841 

Green,  Ward  &  Green 

1  Ludgate  St. 

1819 

Horn  &  Ash 

64  St.  James  St. 

1801  to  1814 

Harris  Bros. 

2  New  Court,  Bow  Lane 

1846 

Holdsworth  &  Boyce 

27  Theobald's  Road 

1823 

Hopkinson  &                \ 
Brassbridge        > 

lOO  Fleet  St. 

1823 

Harris  &  Co. 

82  Charlotte  St,  Bedford  Square 

1822  to  1823 

Hart  &  Co. 

31  Bevis  Marks 

1827  to  1834 

Hayne  &,  Co. 

16  Red  Lion  St,  Clerkenwell 

1837  to  1850 

Harvey,  Denton  &  Co. 

64  Strand 

1840 

Hart  &  Harvey 

5  King  St,  Finsbury 

1818  to  1825 

Hunt  &  Roskell 

156  New  Bond  St. 

1846  to  1850 

Hennell  &  Son 

3  Lancaster  Court,  Strand 

1823  to  1828 

Jupp  &  Barber 

169  Borough 

1821  to  1827 

LONDON    SILVERSMITHS 


-I  r  -> 


Jones  &  Moxon 

17 

South  St,  Manchester  Square 

1822  to  1823 

Kent,  Avery  &  Vincent 

63 

New  Bond  St. 

1822  to  1823 

Kirkham  &  Harrison 

143 

Blackfriars  Road 

1830 

Lowdell  &  Dempster 

155 

High  St,  Borough 

1833  to  1835 

Lawton  &  IVIotley 

125 

Borough 

1819 

Lewis,  Solomon  &  Co. 

2 

New  St,  Covent  Garden 

1816  to  1824 

Morritt  &  Lee 

93 

High  Holborn 

1822 

Mann  &  Mucidill 

114 

Leadenhall  St. 

1830  to  1837 

Makepeace  &  Walford 

5 

Serle  St,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields 

1838  to  1849 

Mills  &WhaIley 

179  Strand 

1804 

Moulston  &  Williams 

White  Hart  Court,  Leicester  Sq. 

1846  to  1850 

Needham  &  Dobson 

56 

Piccadilly 

1817  to  1818 

Nutting  &  Hennell 

38 

Noblest. 

1808 

Nickolds  &  Roberts 

5 

Upper  Conway  St. 

1816  to  1817 

Neate  &  Son 

39 

Duke  St,  Manchester  Square 

1823 

Parker  &  Birkett 

16 

Princes  St,  Soho 

1801  to  1804 

Pearce  &  Burrows 

12 

Banner  St,  St.  Lukes 

1829  to  1840 

Pearce  &  Co. 

12 

Banner  St,  St.  Lukes 

1841  to  1851 

Purse  &  Catchpole 

120 

Regent  St. 

1833  to  1835 

Page  &  Gordon 

1 

Sherrard  St,  Golden  Square 

1801  to  1804 

Pitts  &  Preedy 

8 

Great  Newport  St,  Soho 

1801 

Page  &  Ramsey 

17 

Liquorpond  St. 

1817  to  1821 

Patmore  &  Routledge 

33 

Ludgate  Hill 

1822 

Pemberton  &  Scott 

64  WestSmithfield 

1827  to  1830 

Piercy  &  Son 

17 

Bartholomew  Close 

1814  to  1823 

Pemberton,  Son  &  Co. 

6  Thavies  Inn,  Holborn 

1818  to  1826 

Robinson  &  Brown 

153 

Leadenhall  St. 

1838  to  1839 

Reid  &  Cradock 

67 

Leather  Lane 

1813 

Roberts  &  Co. 

5 

Bridgev/ater  St,  Barbican 

1840 

Robinson  &  Co. 

153 

Leadenhall  St. 

1840 

Rutland  &  Co. 

67 

Oxford  St. 

1822  to  1823 

Reynolds  &  Field 

4  Stone  End  Borough 

1832  to  1840 

Rawlins  &  Summer 

10 

Great  Marlborough  St. 

1840 

Read  &  Son 

51 

London  Wall 

1810 

Reily  &  Storer 

6 

Carey  Lane 

1830  to  1850 

Salkeld  &  Acklam 

425 

Strand 

1808  to  1815 

Savory  &  Co. 

48 

Cheapside 

1812  to  1825 

Storr  &  Co. 

53 

Dean  St,  Soho 

1810  to  1817 

Storr  «&  Co. 

18 

Harrison  St,  Gray's  Inn  Road 

1821  to  1837 

354 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


Stephenson  &  Farrow 

27  Lombard  St. 

1822  to  1824 

Storr  &  Mortimer 

13  New  Bond  St. 

1824  to  1840 

Stonestreet  &  Ploile 

163  Oxford  St. 

1821  to  1824 

Sharp  &  Son 

SO  Fish  St.  Hill 

1840 

Smith  &  Sharp 

14  Bartholomew  Close 

1801 

Smith  &  Son 

Lovell's  Court,  Paternoster  Row 

1801 

Theobalds  &  Co. 

7  Salisbury  Court,  Fleet  St. 

1840 

Tobias  &  Co. 

68  Wapping 

1801  to  1815 

Thomas  &  Evans 

16  Staining  Lane 

1801  to  1807 

Tobias  &  Levitt 

31  Minories 

1823  to  1824 

Taylor  &  Perry 

2  Bouverie  St. 

1830  to  1838 

Taylor  &  Son 

St.  Martin's  Churchyard 

1819  to  1823 

Tidbury  &  Son 

207  Oxford  St. 

1819  to  1835 

Urquhart&  Whalley 

179  Strand 

1806  to  1807 

Watson  &  Chaffers 

42  WatlingSt. 

1810 

Watson  &  Co. 

6  Crane  Court,  Fleet  St. 

1819 

Watson  &  Cooper 

29  King  St,  Soho 

1838  to  1848 

Wheatley  &  Evans 

3  Old  St,  St.  Lukes 

1811 

Wolsencroft  &  Leete 

179  Union  St,  Borough 

1844  to  1849 

Wassell  &  Marriott 

9  Pickett  St,  Strand 

1819 

Watson  &  McDowall 

111  Newgate  St. 

1806 

Wrangham  &  Moulson 

White  Hart  Court,  Leicester  Sq. 

1841  to  1845 

Whitford  &  Pizey 

15  Denmark  St,  Strand 

1811 

Wise  &  Page 

12  Long  Acre 

1819 

Wiltshire  &  Sons 

36  Cornhill 

1822 

Widdowson  &  Veale 

73  Strand 

1839  to  1850 

HALL-MARKS. 

Of  all  the  antique  articles  that  interest  the  collector,  there  is 
none  of  which  there  is  such  definite  and  positive  knowledge,  in 
reference  to  period  and  date,  as  Old  English  Silver.  Not  only 
should  every  genuine  piece  have  its  marks,  but  the  system  of 
these  marks  is  so  complete,  and  has  been  in  operation  for  so 
many  years,  (some  five  or  six  hundred),  that  to  any  one  familiar 
with  the  subject,  it  is  not  a  question  of  opinion,  but  of  almost 
absolute  certainty,  and  a  knowledge  of  these  marks  is  very  easy 
to  acquire. 

As  explained  previously,  the  maker's  mark  is  not  a  Hall- 
mark, but  in  this  chapter  we  shall  treat  it  as  one,  for  owing  to 
its  connection  with  the  other  marks  they  have  to  be  described 
together. 

The  object  of  Hall-marking  is  to  secure  to  the  purchaser 
a  uniform  and  good  quality  of  silver,  and  to  prevent  frauds,  and 
before  any  article  can  receive  the  Hall-marks,  it  is  tested  by 
assay  and  is  not  stamped  unless  the  quality  is  of  the  Sterling 
or  Britannia  standard.    The  authorities  of  the  Goldsmiths'  Com- 

355 


3^6  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

pany  are  empowered  by  various  acts  of  Parliament  to  impose 
fmes  and  penalties  for  selling  any  silver  that  is  not  Hall-marked, 
also  for  forging  or  imitating  any  of  the  marks  which  can  only  be 
legally  stamped  at  the  Goldsmiths'  Hall. 

In  considering  the  Hall-marks  separately,  we  shall  not  go 
into  their  early  history,  as  that  subject  has  been  amply  dealt 
with  by  others,  but  shall  take  them  from  the  time  our  tables 
commence,  that  is  with  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 

To  make  what  we  have  to  say  more  readily  understood,  we 
have  prepared  an  enlarged  list,  showing  all  the  changes  from 
1558  to  the  present  time,  and  reference  to  this  list  will  be 
found  a  convenient  method  of  solving  any  doubt  that  may  arise, 
as  it  includes  every  London  mark  that  has  been  used  for  the 
last  three  and  a  half  centuries. 

Special  attention  has  been  given  to  the  lion  and  leopard's 
heads.  Our  examples  are  not  copied  from  any  previous  publica- 
tion, but  have  been  carefully  reproduced  from  well  authenticated 
pieces  of  plate,  with  every  detail  of  change  brought  out,  which, 
to  the  expert,   is    as  important  as  the  date  letter. 

The  lion,  which  was  first  used  in  1545,  has  not  been  subject 
to  much  change,  except  for  slight  variations  in  the  shape  of  the 
shield.  One  detail,  however,  seems  to  have  escaped  previous 
notice,  that  is,  that  for  many  years,  in  fact  from  the  beginning. 


he  was  a  "  lion  passant  guardant "    ^Oj    with  his  head  turned 


HALL-MARKS  357 

towards  you,  but  since  1822  he  has  been  simply  a  "lion 
passant"  ^^  looking  straight  ahead  in  the  direction  he  is 
going. 

The  leopard's  head  has  been  subject  to  many  changes,  as 
can  be  seen  by  a  glance  down  the  list,  the  pattern  of  the  crown 
changes  often,  at  one  time  he  has  whiskers,  etc.,  etc.,  but  about 
the  only  mention  we  have  before  met  with,  in  reference  to  the 
changes  in  this  mark  was  in  relation  to  the  fact  that  before 
1822  the  head  was  crowned  ^Mj  and  was  without  a  crown 
^^1     afterwards. 

The  first  table  of  date  letters  was  prepared  and  published 
by  the  Rev.  Octavius  Morgan,  in  1853,  and  he  is  entitled  to 
great  credit,  for  it  must  have  involved  much  labor  and  research 
to  get  them  together.  Mr.  Chaffers  made  a  great  addition,  by 
giving  the  shapes  of  the  shields.  Mr.  Cripps  claims  that  his  list 
is  the  most  accurate,  and  therefore  it  is  his  that  we  have  adop- 
ted. They  cannot  be  very  much  out  of  the  way  under  any  cir- 
cumstances, as  they  are  simply  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  in 
their  regular  order,  in  several  usual  styles,  but  omitting  J  V  W 
X  Y  and  Z,  and  using  twenty  letters  in  each  cycle  or  series. 

The  sovereign's  head  or  duty  mark,  so  called  as  it  repre- 
sented the  payment  of  a  tax,  which  at  times  varied  from  six- 
pence to  eighteen  pence  an  ounce,  appears  first  in  1784  and  was 
discontinued  in  1890  when  the  tax  was  abolished.    George  111. 


358  OLD   LONDON    SILVER 

George  IV.  \^n  and  William  IV.  (fi)  have  been 
represented  in  some  publications  by  the  same  head  and  that  not 
like  any  of  them.  Since  1786  the  kings  all  look  to  the  right 
and  Queen  Victoria    \^j    to  the  left. 

The  lion  represents  the  standard  or  quality.  The  leopard's 
head  is  now  the  mark  for  London.  The  alphabetical  letter  indi- 
cates the  date.  The  sovereign's  head  shows  that  the  duty  was 
paid. 

For  twenty- four  years,  from  1697  to  1720,  which  included 
all  of  the  Queen  Anne  period,  the  lion  and  leopard's  head  were 
not  used,  but  were  replaced  by  the  seated  figure  of  Britannia 
j^J  and  the  lion's  head  erased  (^J  The  quality  of  the 
silver  with  these  marks,  known  as  the  "new  standard,"  was 
finer  than  sterling,  and  is  generally  spoken  of  as  the  "Britannia" 
standard.  The  makers'  marks  for  this  period  were  always  the 
two  first  letters  of  their  last  name  as  ^T|  for  David  Willaume 
and  not  their  initials. 

In  1720  the  old  or  "sterling"  standard  was  resumed  and 
the  maker's  mark  was  changed  to  initials,  but  the  Britannia 
standard  was  not  prohibited,  and  some  makers  continued  to  use 
it,  in  fact  Paul  Lamerie  did  not  register  his  mark  for  the 
Sterling  standard  ^n  till  1732,  his  mark  previous  to  that 
date  and  from  1712  being  mm 

The  Britannia  standard,  though  still   legal,  was  soon  after- 


HALL-MARKS  359 

wards  abandoned,  but  is  occasionally  made  at  the  present  time. 
Pieces  with  this  mark  are  sometimes  sold  as  "Queen  Anne," 
but  to  be  such,  should  have  the  peculiar  court  hand  date  letter 
[<t|  in  a  pointed  shield  with  a  straight  top  and  not  the 
modern   UH/     or    |C] 

Probably  the  best  way  to  explain  the  system  is  to  take  an 
example  and  comment  upon  it,  for  instance, 


from  a  tray  made  by  John  Emes  in  1798.  At  the  first  glance 
the  fact  that  there  are  five  marks  indicates  that  it  was  made 
since  1784  and  before  1890,  the  fifth  mark  the  sovereign's  head, 
only  having  been  used  between  those  dates.  The  next  thing 
to  observe  is  whether  the  leopard's  head  is  with  \^Sj  or 
without  ^^J  a  crown,  and  the  fact  that  it  is  crowned  fixes 
the  date  before  1822.  The  next  reference  would  be  to  the  date 
letters,  and  as  the  only  series  of  Roman  capitals  between  1784 
and  1822  was  from  1796  to  1815,  the  table  for  that  period  will 
designate  that  [iTj]  was  the  letter  for  1798,  and  further 
reference  to  the  list  of  makers'  marks  will  show  that  SS 
John  Emes  was  of  the  same  period. 

It  is  necessary  to   notice  these   minor   details   as   there   are 

other  series  of  Roman  capitals  and  the  same  letter  would   occur 

13      in  1580,    (O    in  1718,    j^    in  1798,    \^    in  1878, 

but   each   time   in  a   different   shield,   in   fact  the   shape  of  the 


360  OLD  LONDON    SILVER 

shield  is  most  important  in  determining  the  date,  and  reference 
to  all  changes  of  shield  will  be  found  in  the  table  of  Hall- 
marks. 

The  repetition  of  the  same  letter  continually  occurs,  for 
instance,  the  small  black  letter  IflL  in  1558,  W)  in  1638, 
(S)  in  1678,  ^  in  1696,  and  [Wj  in  1856.  In  three 
of  these  the  shield  is  the  same,  but  reference  to  the  table, 
which  gives  all  the  marks  for  every  year,  will  show  that  the 
other  marks  for  those  years  are  entirely  different.  We  would 
mention  here  that  the  Hall-mark  year  commences  in  May  and 
the  date  letter  really  represents  a  part  of  two  years,  but  the 
single  date,  which  is  of  the  year  the  mark  was  first  used, 
answers  for  all  practical  purposes. 

We  shall  now  leave  the  reader  to  gain  any  further  informa- 
tion desired,  by  advising  that  the  best  way  is  to  take  the  mark 
found  on  any  article  of  London  make,  and  look  for  it  in  the 
table  till  it  is  found,  as  knowledge  acquired  in  this  way  is 
seldom  forgotten. 

There  is  one  series  of  marks,  however,  that  we  will  refer 
to,  especially  as  good  silver  of  that  period  is  frequently  met 
with,  that  is  the  series  from  1739  to  1755,  in  the  time  of 
George  II.,  the  letter  )J|1  is  in  a  shield  with  one  indentation 
in  the  top  and  two  in  the  bottom,  the  lion  ^g  and  leopard's 
head     ^^^      are  also  in  indented  shields,  a  shape  which  occurs 


HALL-MARKS  361 

in  no  other  series — we  mention  tliis  to  refer  to  a  forged  mark 
recently  seen  on  quite  an  important  article — it  had  a  maker's 
mark,  and  ^^S  ^§7  )](*(  a  combination  that  not  only  pro- 
claimed it  as  a  rank  forgery,  but  also  that  the  maker  was  not 
familiar  with  his  subject.    It  was  probably  made  in  New  York. 

It  does  not  follow  that  every  mark  that  is  deficient  or  irreg- 
ular, is  not  genuine,  for  in  the  many  years  that  the  Goldsmiths' 
Company  has  existed,  scores  of  people  have  done  the  stamping, 
and  some  mistakes  have  no  doubt  been  made,  but  on  the  whole 
it  is  remarkable  how  thoroughly  and  carefully  the  work  has  been 
done.  At  the  end  of  the  table  of  Hall-marks  will  be  found  a  few 
examples  of  irregular  stamping,  showing  that,  at  times,  there  was 
a  carelessness  as  to  how  marks  were  placed. 

We  will  give  an  example  to  show  how  a  very  trifling  thing 
can  establish  the  period  of  an  almost  obliterated  mark.     It  is 
taken  from  an  article  in  our  possession       l"**        P^:        \J      uf 
All  that  can  be  made  out  is  one  side  of  the  leopard's  head,  and 
as  it  has  whiskers,  it  fixes  the  date  between  1756  and  1775. 

The  additional  mark,  the  Roman  Capital  fp^  in  an  oval,  is 
not  a  date  letter,  but  indicates  that  the  article  is  of  foreign  make, 
and  has  been  assayed  at  the  Hall,  and  found  to  be  of  sterling 
quality — a  regulation  which  is  now  obligatory  in  reference  to  all 
foreign  silver  brought  to  England  for  sale,  but  not  always  com- 
plied with.    For  reference  to  Provincial  marks  see  Page  395. 


362  OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

A  quick  method  of  using  the  table  to  find  a  mark,  for 
instance  this 

is  to  commence  at  the  last  page  of  the  table,  and  look  backward 

through  the  fourth  column  until  the  same  date  letter  [t  ]  of 

the  same  character  is  found  in  the  same  shield,  then  compare  the 
other  marks  and  if  they  all  agree,  the  date  will  be  found  on 
the  same  line,  but  if  not  the  same,  continue  to  look  till  the 
same  letter,  in  the  same  shield,  appears  with  all  the  other 
marks  (except  the  makers'  mark)  to  correspond. 

In  the  above  instance  it  would  be  first  met  with  in    1834, 

but  all  the  other  marks  would  not  agree,  for  the  leopard's  \0/ 

head  would  not  have  a  crown;  then  it  would  be  found  in  1794, 
which  would  be  correct. 

The  object  of  looking  backward  instead  of  forward  is  that 
most  of  the  silver  one  is  likely  to  come  across,  is  of  late,  instead 
of  early  date. 

The  maker's  mark  would  probably  not  be  the  one  in  the 
table,  as  there  were  many  makers  in  every  year. 

Any  recently  made  articles  of  the  Britannia  standard  should 

have  these  two  marks  |Wj  I4m  with  the  same  date  letter  in 
the  same  shield,  that,  is  used  on  sterling  silver  of  the  same  year. 


HALL-MARKS 


363 


Enlarged  specimens  of  each  series  of  London  Hall  marks  from  1558 
to  the  present  time,  showing  the  changes  in  shape  of  shields,  style  of 
date   letters,  etc.      Most  of  the  series  cover  a  period  of  twenty  years. 


Years  included 
in   each  series. 


Particular  year 
of  each  mark. 


1598 
to  1617 


1618 
to  1637 


1638 
to  1657 


1658 
to  1677 


1678 
to  1696 


1558  w« 

to  1577        CHW] 


1578 
to  1597 


RI 


[DRl 


J^^-'^-A.    (   o~«^^l  f'^^^n    lA^^i 


i 


m 


1564 


1581 


1605 


1627 


1651 


1674 


1689 


364 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 

Enlarged  specimens  continued. 


Years  Included 
in   each  series. 


1696  j-WI 

to  1720       UlK 


to    1728       ^^ 


to  1739     I  o\r 


^ 


to  1755     \?S^ 


1739 


1756  f  T  /i^] 

to  1775    I  X*V/I 


1776 
to  1784 


1784 
and  1785 


1786 
to  1795 


i 


® 


® 


Particular  year 
of  each  marL 


1708 


1723 


1738 


1753 


1768 


1783 


1784 


1792 


HALL-MARKS 


165 


Enlarged  specimens  continued. 


Years   included 
in   each  series. 


Particular  year 
of  eacii  mark. 


1796 
to  1821 


1822 
to  1833 


[RE, 
[EB 


/?.;; 


1834  (TkT  Ty^ 

to  1836    \}NJiJDj 


1837  CCiRi 

to  1855       ?Q  g 


1856 
to  1875 


1876 
to  1895 


1896 

to  date 


(H) 


<@> 


5 


a  i 


1798 


1825 


1835 


1840 


1859 


1888 


1899 


Britannia 
Standard 


1902 


Table  of  London  Hall-Marks. 

showing  all  the  marks  for  each  year,  and  with  each 
year  a  maker's  mark  of  the  period: 

Commencing  with  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 

Maker  unknown  \^^      ^^^       ^^^        ^^^        ^^^^ 
■n    1X1       ^ 


Maker  unknowi 
Maker  unknown 


9 


1559 


1560 


Date  letter  for  the  first  time, 
in  a  regular  shaped  shield. 


Maker  unknown    l/*vl 


Maker  unknown  ppo 
Maker  unknown 
Maker  unknowm  (HW) 

Maker  unknown  }j^ 
Maker  unknown  [ijgc] 
Maker  unknown    Jipl 


i 


9 


1560 


1561 


1562 


1563 


1564 


1565 


1566 


366 


LONDON   HALL-MARKS 


367 


Maker  unknown 
Maker  unknown 
Maker  unknown  Itkj 
Maker  unknown 
Maker  unknown  1 1* 
Maker  unknown  [IBJ 
Maker  unknown  lj(J 
Maker  unknown  (Q-p) 
Maker  unknown  \M) 
Maker  unknown 
Maker  unknown    {AH| 


B 


m 

9 


1 


1567 
1568 

1569 

1570 

1571 

1572 

1573 

1574 

1575 

1576 

1577 


Date  letter  changes  to  Roman  capitals. 
Maker  unknown     ('9)        >%^        ^^)         [£m         ^578 
Maker  unknown    [fK|d      ^^S        ^S         IjBKI 
Maker  unknown    jSiB(.       j:^^*^        (s^)         IJ^ 


1579 
1580 


368 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown 


W(     m 


\&l 


Maker  unknown    )97       W 


Maker  unknown  l^X^ 
Maker  unknown 

Maker  unknown  l^^^l       *^-^ 

Maker  unknown  if^       fe^ 


Maker  unknown     S$?       i^>^ 


Maker  unknown      rj;)       ^y^ 


Maker  unknown      l^. 


Maker  unknown     r«^ 
Maker  unknown    /'^l      W^S 


m 


m 


1581 

1582 

1583 

1584 

1585 

1586 

1587 

1588 

1589 

1590 
1591 
1592 
1593 
1594 
1595 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


369 


Maker  unknown 


"IH^ 


1596 
1597 


Maker  unknown    v.^^ 

Date  letter  changes  to  Lombardic  capitals. 


Maker  unknown    ^F/E>       i^^' 
Maker  unknown     ^       ^^-'*' 
Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown     '  fj       ^^'- 


m 


m 


1^1     m 


Maker  unknown    [yJL'J 

Accession  of  James  I. 

Maker  unknown    [^P^ 

Maker  unknown  )Iffi 

Maker  unknown     (Gj        ^  ^  _ 

Maker  unknown     1^       ^^        ^^  [^ 

Maker  unknown     |^*J 

Maker  unknown 


1598 
1599 
1600 
1601 
1602 


1603 
1604 
1605 
1606 
1607 
1608 


370 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown    jIB?      ^j 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown    (JJ^j      W- 


lIMl         {^1^ 

LfbJ 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown     i5»- ! 


Maker  unknown     r^X       ^*-- ?- 


m 


m 
m 


1609 
1610 

1611 
1612 
1613 
16U 

1615 
1616 
1617 


Date  letter  changes  to  small  italics. 
Maker  unknown  ^^      ^^        ^        |U»]       1618 
Maker  unknown     ^        ^^       H         [gj        1619 
Two  different  date  letters  this  year. 


Maker 


unknown     )^s       fei^ 


Maker  unknown      \V) 


1619 


1620 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


371 


Maker  unknown    ).^,\ 


Maker  unknown       fl" 


[621 


[622 


Accession  of  Charles  I. 


Maker  unknown     )^(       ^^'^- 


Maker  unknown    )^^(       hj>. 
Maker  unknown     \^} 


Maker  unknown     Wji 


Maker  unknown     lA^ 


Maker  unknown 


RM       tM 


M 


aker  unknown     l^cj 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown     u^rj 


Maker  unknown     rtC' 


Maker  unknown     V*/ 


Maker  unknown     l^^ 


3J 


[53 


m 
0 


^ 


[623 

[624 

[625 
[626 
1627 

1628 
1629 

1630 

[631 
[632 
[633 
[634 


372 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


Maker  unknown 
Maker  unknown    )F 
Maker  unknown 


W 
i^: 


X 

m 


1635 
1636 
1637 


Date  letter  changes  to  court  hand. 


Maker  unknown     IJJy       ^ 
Maker  unknown     Lj^ 
Maker  unknown    ^_^5 
Maker  unknown     (iT 


Maker  unknown     [W 


John  Wardlaw.      \^      ^8 


r  unknown      \x/        >3ii 


Make 

Maker  unknown     (Tw) 

Nichs.  Wollaston    {^Wfl      ffj 

Maker  unknown 
Maker  unknown      U 


II 


i 
i 


® 


1638 

1639 

1640 

1641 

1642 

1643 

1644 

1645 

1646 

1647 
1648 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


W^ 

^J^ 


Maker  unknown 
Henry  Greenway    lifff 

Maker  unknown     Ir^ 
Maker  unknown     ^^       f^^ 
Maker  unknown 
Stephen  Venables  [sy 
Daniel  Rulty?         IpRJ 
Maker  unknown 
Maker  unknown 


Commonwealth. 


wm^ 


i 


1649 

1650 
1651 
1652 
1653 

1654 
1655 
1656 
1657 


Date  letter  changes  to  black  letter  capitals. 


Maker  unknown     S^s 
Maker  unknown     (m^       '*^' 


m 


1658 
1659 


Accession  of  Charles  II 


Maker  unknown     1^^       ^S 


m 


1660 


374 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


Christopher  Shaw  [ds] 


Maker  unknown     /IR\ 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown     ^ 


Maker  unknown     ItThI 


Maker  unknown     CS 


Maker  unknown      ^ 


Maker  unknown     u^ 


Maker  unknown     \TM) 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown      |^ 


Maker  unknown     ^j 


Maker  unknown     |w;> 


Maker  unknown 


Maker  unknown 


m 


i 


w 


m 


1661 
1662 
1663 
1664 

1665 
1666 

1667 
1668 
1669 
1670 
1671 
1672 
1673 

1674 
1675 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


375 


Maker  unknown    \fs 


1676 


Maker  unknown    CW      ^^-^f^        ^^>        i«"i         1677 

Date  letter  changes  to  black  letter  small. 
Note  change  in  shape  of  shields. 

1678 


Maker  unknown    )A*R 


Benjamin  Pyne?   l^PJ 
Ralph  Leeke? 


Maker  unknown  ^^ 


Geo  Garthorne?    fGG" 


i 


D 


Maker  unknown    |  PL 


Benjamin  Pyne.     ^^ 


^  1 


1679 


1680 


1681 


1682 


1683 


1684 


Accession  of  James  II. 


Maker  unknown  jnTj 
Lawrence  Coles?  lc 
Nathaniel  Greene  (t?3) 


9    tj! 


1685 
1686 
1687 


376 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


Maker  unknown 

Anthony  Nelme.  jDyl  [^ 

Robert  Timbrell.    raK 


James  Chad  wick   I  ic 


Maker  unknown    (Ui. 
Maker  unknown     (T^K 
John  Ruslen? 


Accession  of  William  and  Mary. 


John  Jackson?      ilTl 

Maker  unknown 


1688 
1689 
1690 
1691 
1692 
1693 
1694 


William  III. 


m 


1695 
1696 


For  24  years  after  this  a  decided  change  in  all  the 
marks.  The  makers  mark  instead  of  initials,  now  has 
the  two  first  letters  of  the  last  name.  The  figure  of 
Britannia  replaces  the  lion.  The  lion's  head  erased  takes 
the  place  of  the  leopard's  head  crowned.  The  date  letter 
changes  to  court  hand. 

The  quality  of  the  silver  was  also  raised  from  sterling, 
or  ^^^/looo  fine,  to  ^^^/looo  fine,  and  is  generally  known 
as  the  Britannia  Standard. 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


377 


p.   Harrache 
D.  Willaume 
Simon  Pantin 
John  Wisdome 
Thomas  Allen 


Thomas  Parr 
Joseph  Bird 
Benj.  Watts 
Wm.  Gamble 


Anthony  Nelme     f^Jei 


Geo.  Boothby  Njo'i 


Thomas  Sadler 


Wm.  Andrews        |An 


John  Ladyman 


tf] 


i) 
^ 


i 


w 

Accession  of  Anne. 


1696 


1697 


1698 


1699 


1700 


1701 


1702 


1703 


1704 


1705 


1706 


1707 


1708 


1709 


378 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


p.  Rolles,  Jr. 
Nath'l  Lock 
Mat.  Lofthouse 
Thomas  Port 


^^       \MiJ 


w 


i 
i 


1710 


1711 


!JI  17L2 


1713 


Accession  of  George  I. 


1714 


1715 


Chas.  Jackson        [IA]        (gfO         (^ 

Thos.  Langford     \^       @)         ®         [Sj 

Date  letter  changes  to  Roman  capitals. 
Michael  Boult        ^. 


Paul  Lamerie 
Jonan  Clifton 
Sam.Margas 


w 
w 


IB 


1716 


n 


1717 


1718 


1719 


Old  Sterling  standard  restored,  with  in- 
itials for  makers  mark  as  before  1696  — but 
the  Britannia  standard  also  made  for  some 
years  longer. 


Dav.  Tan  que  ray     m'TJ 


1720 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


379 


Simon  Pantin 
Nich.  Clausen 
Thomas  Farren 
M.  Godwin 
B,  Fletcher 
Wm.  Atkinson 


Paul  Crespin 
Ed.  Cornock 
Rich'd  Scarlet 
Wm.  Petley 
Wm.  Darker 
Paul  Lamerle 
Mary  Pantin 
Wm.  Gould 


^s 


^ti 


1721 


1722 


1723 


1724 


1725 


1726 


Accession  of  George  II. 

"  m 


i 


1727 


1728 


1729 


1730 


1731 


1732 


1733 


1734: 


;8o 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


R.  Abercromble     ^a) 


^ 


1735 


Date  letter  changes  to  Roman  small, 


John  LeSage 
Louis  Dupont 
Benj.  Godfrey       /^ 


m 


F.  Spilsbury 


1736 


1737 


1738 


1739 


Up  to  this  time  all  date  letters  have  been 
in  plain  pointed  shields  with  a  straight  top; 
they  now  change  to  a  shield  with  one  inden- 
tation at  top  and  two  at  bottom— the  shields 
for  lion  and  leopard's  head  also  change,  and 
every  maker  has  now  an  entirely  new  mark. 


Paul  Lamerie 
Jo'thn  Fossy 

D.  Willaume 

Chas.  Hatfield 


xir- 


Edward  Wood      w^ 


J.  Robinson 


fi 


1739 


1740 


1741 


1742 


1743 


1744 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


i8i 


John  Rowe 
Elias  Cachart 

Gurney  &  Co. 

William  Gould 

Simon  Lesage 

John  Payne 


John  Neville 


Thomas  Gilpin        cj^e) 


Edw'd  Wakelin 


Ayme  Vechau        UUr) 


Andrew  Killik  A-K 


I»R 


(T) 
CR«G) 

[CJ 


3) 

m 


m 


1745 


1746 


1747 


1748 


1749 


1750 


1751 


1752 


1753 


1754 


1755 


Note  change  in  shape  of  shields. 
Date  letter  changes  to  black  letter  capitals. 
Leopard's  head  now  generally  has  whiskers. 


W.  &  R.  Preston  ^Sl 


Pierre. Gillois 


1756 


1757 


382 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


Wm.  Plummer    {_W«P  j 
Robert  Rew  |RR| 


1758 


1759 


Accession  of  George  III. 


Mordecai  Fox 


Fred.  Kandler       (%^} 

Fuller  White  [9hf0] 

William  Shaw        (^s) 

D.  &  R,   Hennell    [W] 
nHr 


Wm.   Robertson 


Peter  Wintzer 


Thos.  Hemming- 


John  Carter 


Joseph  Heriot         |IH 
S.  &  J.  Crespell 


Ebenezer  Coker     [E'C] 


m 


m 


m 
m 


m 


1760 


1761 


1762 


1763 


1764 


1765 


1766 


1767 


1768 


1769 


1770 


1771 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


383 


Jo'thn  Alleine 


John  Barry 


George  Smith 


IB 


St 


James  Young         I*Y 


1772 


1773 


1774 


1775 


Date  letter  changes  to  Roman  small. 
After  this  date,  leopard  generally  without  whiskers. 


Nich.  Dumee         [N*D] 
Walter  Tweed  le    rw.Tl 


T'N 


T.  Northcote 
B.  Davenport 
John  Scofield 
E.  Fennell 
Hester  Bateman 
Edward  Jay  [EI 

Benj.  Laver 


E-F 


d 


El 


1776 


1777 


1778 


1779 


1780 


1781 


1782 


1783 


1784 


384 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


Now  there  is  a  fifth  mark,  the  king's  head. 
In  the  latter  part  of  1784  and  for  a  while  in 
1785  it  is  in  intaglio,  in  a  square  shield  with 
clipped  corners,  and  looks  to  the  left;  after 
that  it  is  in  relief,  in  an  oval  shield  and  looks 
to  the  right. 


Samuel  Wintle       (SW) 


Rich.  Crossley        [R'C] 
John  Lambe  (Jl) 


John  Harris 


Henry  Green  |HG 


Croucn  S^ 

&  Han  nan   IT'Hl 


Wm.  Vincent  WV 


Paul  Storr 


John  Moore 


Henry  Chawner   (HC)      H 


William  Abdy         IWAl      ^g| 


X 

m 

m 


r^^ 


m 
^ 


1784 


1785 


1785 


178G 


1787 


1788 


1789 


1790 


1791 


1792 


1793 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


Pitt  &  Preedy 

John  Thompson      fir 


m 


385 


1794 


1795 


Date  letter  changes  to  Roman  capitals. 


Chawner  &  Ems 


H-C 
I-E 


R.  &  D.  Hennell     [RH] 


John  Ernes 


Eley  &  Fearn 

P.  A.  &  W. 

Bate  man 


WE 

WF 


PB 
AB 
WB 


Timothy  Renou     (T^ 
Messrs.  Hennell 


DH 
SH 


Moses  Levy 


Henry  Nuttingr       |HN 


James  Harris         |IH 


William  Sumner 


John  Ashley 


^ 


SI 


1796 


1797 


1798 


1799 


1800 


1801 


1802 


1803 


1804 


1805 


1806 


1807 


;86 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


James  Cording      JC 


William  Fountain  ^^^ 


Wm  Bannister      IW-B 


ipi 


Crispin  Fuller  CF 


William  Squire  jWsl 

Thomas  Wallls  frwi 

Thos   Sherborn  (Zl) 

William  Bennett  f^ATBl 


@ 


1808 


1809 


1810 


1811 


1812 


i8ia 


1814 


1815 


Date  letter  changes  to  Roman  small. 


Ernes  &  Barnard    ^ 


J.  E.  Terry  flET^ 

Hart  &  Harvey 
William  Elliott       [WEJ 


[a] 

Accession  of  George  IV. 


1816 


181T 


1818 


1819 


Richard  Hoby        [rh 


1820 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS  3^7 

William  Baker     (W^    |^^       ®)        111 

After  this,  leopard's  head  without  a  crown. 


1821 


The  lion  now  looks  to  the  left. 


Robert  Garrard  g^ 
Crispin  Fuller  ©§ 
Benjamin  Smith    {gg 

J.  J.  Kirber 
Hyam  Hyams 
Saml.  Hennell 
B.  Massey 


I^^ 


Barnard  &  Sons    >5®^ 


IE 

m 
m 
® 


Accession  of  William  IV. 


William  Eaton        [^ 


E.  Farrell 


Charles  Fox 


(3)  § 


1822 


1823 


1824 


1825 


1826 


1827 


1828 


1829 


1830 


1831 


1832 


88 


OLD  LONDON    SILVER 


Pearce 

&  Burrows 

E.  Barton 

J.  &  J.  Aldous 


RP 
GBi 


1833 


1834 


1835 


Date  letter  changes  to  black  letter  capitals. 


Paul  Storr 


Accession  of  Victoria. 


W.  K.  Reid 


Theobalds  &  Co 


WT 
RA 


m 
m 


Reiley  &  Storer      1^ 


iwsl 


W.  Easterbrooke  @|D 


Mortimer  &  Hunt  m 


J.  Angel  &  Son      W< 


William  Cooper     [WCI 
William  Brown      )W"B( 


Thomas  Diller 


m 


m 
m 


1836 


1837 


1838 


1839 


1840 


1841 


1842 


1843 


1844 


1845 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


389 


George  Barnard 


Joseph  Taylor       (13) 


Charles  Lias 


EC 


J.  C.  Edingrton       [jUeI 


Charles  Gibson 


Hyam  Hyams        IH-HI 


W.  R.  Smily 


John  S.  Hunt 


F.  Francis   \fJF) 


T.  H.  & 
F.  1 

Charles  Bishop    (gj§ 


^ 


1 


m 


m 


1846 


1847 


1848 


1849 


1850 


1851 


1852 


1853 


1854 


1855 


Date  letter  changes  to  black  letter  small. 
John  Eady  @)        ^j        @        M^J 

Robert  Harper      ^g)        [t^l        OJ        fH  j 


E.Barnard  &  Son  K&^ 


W.  Hattersly         WH. 


1856 


1857 


1858 


1859 


390 


OLD    LONDON    SILVER 


S.  Whitford 


(S® 


Roberts  &  Briggs  (^ 

George  Evans 

Smith  & 

Nicholson      (V^^NJ 

George  Fox 


Hands  &  Son  S^ 


Robert  Harper 


H.   Holland 


®D 


George  Angell         ^3) 


A.  Sibley 


AS 


Brownett  &  Rose   |?1 


E.  C.  B 


rown 


Stephen  Smith       (SS) 

Hancocks  &  Co 

Thomas  Johnson    (^) 


/T^ — \ 


® 


ffi 

CD 


0] 


m 


I860 


J861 


1862 


1863 


1864 


1865 


1866 


1867 


1868 


1869 


1870 


1871 


1872 


1873 


1874 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


391 


F.  Elkingrton 


1875 


Date  letter  changes  to  Roman  capitals. 


Note  change  in  shape  of  shield 


Alfred  Ivory  [A^[1 


Charles  Mappin 


Richard  Sibley 


Stephen  Smith 


Louis  Dee 


L-D 


C.  S.  Harris  ICSH 


W.  &  J.  Barnard  fivftj, 


Crinsell  &  Son      |J.G&Sl 


George  Heath        (GH) 


J.  W.  Johnson        G^ 


J.  B.  Hennel 


R.  Hodd  &  Son        &S 


® 


^ 


V 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886 


1887 


392 


OLD   LONDON    SILVER 


J.  S.  Beresford      SsB) 


Walker 


w.w 

&  Tolhurst      iBjJ 


J.  H.  Savory 


im 


D.  &  J.  Welby    |DWJWl 


J.  B.  Carrington     (^0 


Jesse  Earl 

W.  Hutton 

&  Sons 


After  this  four  marks  only 


1891 


1892 


1893 


^l&J 


^         1894 
TT?    1895 


Charles  Boyton      (gg) 

Date  letter  changes  to  Roman  small. 


1888 


1889 


1890 


W.  Comyns 

&  Sons 


?T\§ 


L.  A.  Crichton       |LAC 


C.  S.  Harris 

&  Sons 

&  Middleton    ^jW 


Note  change  in  shape  of  shields 


O)  [3,1  1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


i  i) 


LONDON    HALL-MARKS 


393 


Barnard  &  Sons 


y  ©  ^"'» 


Accession  of  Edward  VII. 


Henry  Brasted      [gg 
Alfred  Clark 
John  Hall 


1901 


B)     (D    '"o" 


^ 


1903 


Some  expLanation  seems  necessary  in  regard  to  the  leopard's 
head  from  1756  to  1775,  which  is  described  in  the  list  as  generally 
with  whiskers.  It  was  evidently  the  intention  to  have  this  mark 
with  the  whiskers  for  this  series  only,  but  we  have  seen  it  on 
several  articles  dated  1755,  and  without  the  whiskers  in  other 
years,  notably  1759,  1766  and  1774,  yet  for  each  of  these  years 
examples  with  the  whiskers  also  exist.  After  1775  and  as  late  as 
1784  the  head  with  the  whiskers  occasionally  appears,  but  not 
often.  There  were  apparently,  in  some  years,  two  sets  of  punches 
for  this  mark,  and  whether  both  were  used  with  intention  or  by 
inadvertence  is  now  too  late  to  inquire,  but  we  notice  that  the 
mark  with  whiskers  is  almost  always  on  the  larger  and  more 
important  pieces. 


Examples  of  irregular  stamping 


Tazza  1601 


H 


Coffee  1738 


Pint  cup  1728 


1^ 


made  by  Thomas  Rush 


made  by  Sarah  Parr 


Candlesticks  1698 


College  Cup  1688 


i# 


394 


PROVINCIAL  MARKS. 

As  the  similarity  of  some  of  the  provincial  marks  to  those 
of  London  might  be  misleading,  we  will  mention  that  for  the 
last  hundred  or  more  years  the  mark  for  Chester  was  the  same 
as  for  London,  but  with  the  additional  mark  of  the  city  arms 
W  since  1839  however,  the  leopard's  head  has  been  dis- 
continued. 

At  Exeter  it  was  the  same,  the  city  arms  [^J  being  the  addi- 
tional mark  ;  here  the  leopard's  head  was  discontinued  about  1800. 

At  Newcastle-on-Tyne  there  was  no  change  in  regard  to  the 
leopard's  head,  and  the  city  arms  was  the  additional  mark   (^ 

The  Exeter  and  Newcastle-on-Tyne  offices"  were  both  per- 
manently closed  in  1885. 

Birmingham  differs  from  London  in  that  it  has  an  anchor 
instead  of  the  leopard's  head,  and  Sheffield  has  a  crown 
instead  of  the  leopard's  head,  and  the  crown  is  often  on 


the  same  punch  as  the  date  letter. 

The  date  letters  at  all  these  places  are  not  for  the  same 
years  as  for  London,  and  the  shapes  of  the  shields  also  differ. 

Complete  tables  of  all  the  provincial  date  letters  can  be 
found  in  Mr.  W.  J.  Cripps  valuable  work,  "Old  English  Plate." 

395 


INDEX 


Abbey  of  Glastonbury,  151 

Abbot  of  Glastonbury,  ni 

Academy  of  Painters,  46 

Acanthus  leaf  ornament,  34,  37,  in,  129 

Acton,  John,  goldsmith,  37 

Adams  Bros.,  architects,  42 

Additions,  a  kind  of  fraud,  202,  203 

Additions,  fraudulent,  striking  example  of,  209 

Ade,  goldsmith,  13,  14 

Adrian  IV,  pope,  10 

/Ethelwulf,  King,  ring  of,  1 

Aladdin,  fairy  palace  of,  so 

Alfred,  King,  jewel  of,  1 

Alms-bowls,  I  3 

Alphabetical  letter,  as  date  mark,  338 

Altars,  8 

Alwyn,  Henry  Fitz,  silversmith,  10 

Portrait  of,  1 1 
Amades,  Robert,  goldsmith,  2^ 
America,  spurious  silver  made  in,  208 
"  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,"  92 
Andirons,  21 
Anglo-Saxons,  93 

Anketil,  monk  of  St.  Albans,  silversmith,  10 
Anne,  Queen,  37,  62,  131,  148,  159,  160,  173,  176, 
'77,  3S8 

Period  of,  41 
Anselm,  archbishop,  1  30 
Apsley  House,  48 
Archambo,  Peter,  silversmith,  45 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  99 
Architecture,  34 
Arms,  royal,  of  England,  95 
Arthur,  Prince,  18 
Articles  at  Apsley  House,  49 
Ashley,  John,  mark  of,  329 
Ashmolean  Museum,  55 
Atheling,  Margaret,  92 
Athelstan,  King,  2 
Auction  sale  by  inch  of  candle,  153 
Augsburg,  103 

Backwell,  Alderman  Edward,  goldsmith,  29,  38 

Portrait  of,  39 
Baluster  stem,  109 


Bank  of  England,  founding  of,  30 

Banker-goldsmiths,  43 

Baptismal  service,  54 

Barentyne,  Sir  Drugo,  silversmith,  17 

Barnard,  Edward,  &  Sons,  marks  of,  229 

Basins,  30 

Beakers,  25,  107,  108,  123 

German  and  Dutch,  107 

Horn,  107 
Becket,  Thomas  a,  5,  8 
Beefsteak  Club,  1  39 
Benn,  Sir  William,  silversmith,  45 

Portrait  of,  43 
Benn's  Club,  43 
Berkeley,  Baron,  101 
Berlin,  museum  at,  n7 
Bettoyne,  Richard  de,  goldsmith,  13 
Bible,  the,  54,  53 
Birmingham,  mark  of,  393 
Bishop,  collection  of  Mr.  Heber  R.,  86,  129,  140, 

165,  176,  189 
Blachford,  John,  silversmith,  4^ 
Black  Death,  15 
Black-jacks,  114,  115 
Blanchard  &  Child,  goldsmiths,  29 
Bombards,  1 14 
Bottle-stands,  197 
Bowes,  Sir  Martin,  goldsmith,  22 
Bowl  of  spoon,  design  of,  64 

Egg  shape,  64,  65 

Oval,  60,  64,  65 

Pear  shape,  60 

Perforated,  62,  63 
Bowl,  Monteith,  1 37 
Bowls,  2s,  I  37,  140 
Bowls,  hall-marks  on,  141 
Boxes,  30 

Bradwardine,  Baron,  103 
Braziers,  38,  193,  199 
Bread-baskets,  181 
Bremen,  134 

Britannia,  figure  of,  as  mark,  338 
Britannia    mark,    resemblance   of,    to    old    marlc. 

207 
Britannia  period,  137 


397 


398 


INDEX 


Britannia  standard,  33,  34,  230,  355,  358 

Modern  mark  of,  362 
Britannia  standard  still  made,  358 
British  Museum,  21,  54 
Britlmodus,  Abbot  of  Ely,  6 
Buckingham,  Duke  of,  26,  38 
Buffalo  horn,  95 
"  Bull's  Head  "  tavern,  132 
Burlington  Fine  Arts  Catalogue,  85,  101,  102,  123, 

148 
Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club,  87 
Burton,  Robert,  92 
Butter-dishes,  193,  198 
Byzantine  architecture,  7 

Caddies,  1 76 

Cadenas,  15 

Cake-baskets,  181,  182,  183 

Cambridge  College,  50 

Cambridge  Plate  Catalogue,  96,  97,  109 

Candelabra,  8,  si,  14s,  146,  is6 

Roman,  157 
Candle,  auction  sale  by,  153 
Candlemas  Day,  14s,  146 
Candlesticks,  8,  10,  30,  145,  146 

Baluster  shape,  148 

Chamber,  is3 

Clip,  153 

Corinthian  column,  149,  150 

Gloucester,  147 

Golden,  14s 

Pricket,  146,  147 

Socket,  147 

Table,  148 

Taper,  is 3 
Canterbury,  Archbishop  of,  55 
Caskets,  15 
Casters,  187,  100 
Catharine  of  Aragon,  18 
Catholic  Church,  tiie,  146 
Cavaliers,  the,  26 

Chaffers,  Mr.  William,  29,  40,  214,  21s,  3S7 
Chandeliers,  8 

Change  in  standard  of  silver,  570 
Charles  1,  26,  34,  60,  84,  106 

Execution  of,  29 
Charles  II,  30,  34,  3S,  i8,  39,  12O,  164,  170 
Chelsea  Porcelain  Factory,  46 
Chaucer,  73 
Chester,  mark  of,  395 
Child,  Sir  Francis,  45 
Ciiilds,  silversmith,  142 
Chinese  decoration,  37,  ii"),  170 
Christ,  figure  of,  58 


Christening,  sponsors  at,  58 
Christian  era,  145 
Christian,  Prince,  of  Denmark,  25 
Christianity,  introduction  of,  93 
Christie's  auction-room,  58 
Christie's  Catalogue,  100,  106 
Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  86 
Church  of  St.  Peter's,  Gloucester,  147 
Ciborium,   14 
Cisterns,  137,139 
Civil  War,  the,  26 
Clare  Market,  i  ^2,  133 
Classical  forms,  42 

Period,  41 
Clothworkers'  Hall,  109 
Coasters,  38,  193,  197 
Cockayne,  Mr.  William,  103 
Coffee-houses,  164 
Coffee,  introduction  of,  38,  164 
Coffee-pots,  159,  164,  165,  167 
Coffee  services,  38 
Coin,  plate  turned  into,  }},  54 
"  Collectanea  Curiosa,"  21 
Collecting  silver,  interest  in,  48 
Collections  of  old  silver,  50,  51 
Collections  of  spoons,  62,  66 
Colville,  John,  silversmith,  38 
Commonwealth,  the,  26,  34,  128,  131 
"  Connoisseur,  The,"  96 
Copperplate,  table  of  makers'  marks  on,  227 
Coronation  banquet,  139 

Ceremony,  55 

Plate,  the,  26 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge,  96,  97 

Festival  of,  14 

Guild  of,  OS,  97 
Coryat,  Thomas,  77 
Counterfeit  marks,  202,  206 

Silver,  201 
Coutts,  James,  45 
Coutts  &  Co.,  bankers,  45 
Cowper's  "  Task,"  163 
Croshaw,  Richard,  goldsmith,  37 
Creamers,  159,  173,  174 
Creamers,  helmet,  173 

Squat,  173 
Crespin,  Paul,  silversmith,  45 
Crests,  132 
Crichton,  Mr.  L.,  66 
Cripps,  Mr.  W.  J.,  17,  53,  9',  ■!',  '57,  2'4.  357. 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  29,  39,  1 14 
Cromwell,  Thomas,  21 
Crown  jewels,  the,  29 


INDEX 


399 


Cioziers,  s 
Cruets,  38,  187,  188 
Crusades,  7,  10 
Cumberland,  Duke  of,  46 
Cup,  the  "  Anathema,"  99 

Bear,  103 
Cup,  beere,  2S 

Benjamin's,  01 

Burleigh,  109 

By  Paul  Lamerie,  1 18 

Calabash,  102 

Caudle,  1 1 1,  112 

Cock,  103 

Cockayne,  103 

Cocoanut,  98 

College,  1 10 

Communion,  106 

Cone-shape,  105 

Founder's,  107 

German,  104 

Goblet-shaped,  109 

Gold,  91,  92 

Gourd,  102 

Grace,  92,  93 

Hall-marks  on,  94 

Horn,  9t 

Howard,  101 

Loving,  93 

Melon,  102 

Nest  of,  1 10 

Of  ivory,  101 

Of  love,  93 

Ostrich  egg,  97 

Parting,  93 

Pepys,  T09 

Poison,  95 

Posset,  1 1 1 

Pronnet,  25 

Standing,  105 

Steeple,  105 

Stirrup,  03 

Strapv/ork,  1 17 

Three-handled,  93 

Tudor,  100 

Tumbler,  1 10 

Two-handled,  9-5,  111 

Urn-shaped,  121 

Vase-shaped,  120 

Venetian  glass  shape,  106 

Wine,  91 
Cup-bearer,  91 
Cupboards,  25 
Cups,  n,  16,  34,  91 
Cut  card  ornament,  37 


Date  letters,  first  table  of,  3S7 

First  used,  1 7 

In  court  iiand,  359 

JVlark  of,  }^6 

Mark  with  indented  shield,  360 

Repetition  of,  360 

Table  of,  in  shields,  3^7 
Dekker,  Thomas,  9s 
Demidoff  sale,  197 
Dies,  48 
Dinner-plates,  194 

Services,  38 
Disii-crosses,  38,  193,  IQ9 
Dishes  altered  to  bowls  or  baskets,  205 
Dresser,  16 

Drinking-horns,  95,  96 
Drummond,  Andrew,  45 
Dublin  marks,  206 
"  Duffers,"  208 
Duke  of  Norfolk,  loi 

Portland,  106 

Rutland,  142 
Dunn-Gardner  Catalogue,  1 12 

Collection,  93,  98,  148 

Sale,  48,  84,  100,  105,  106,  128 
Dunscombe,  Sir  Charles,  silversmith,  38 
Dunstan,  St.,  129,  131 

Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  2 

Church  of  Fleet  Street,  5 

Cup  of,  2 

Death  of,  s 

Image  of,  2 

Legend  of,  =i 

Patron  saint  of  goldsmiths,  2 

Portrait  of,  3 

Ring  made  by,  2 

Silversmith,  2 

Versatility  of,  2 
Dutch  silversmiths,  42 
Duty  mark,  the  sovereign's  head,  337 

Earl  of  Holland,  26 

Rutland,  142 

Salisbury,  109 

Surrey,  101 
East  India  Company,  139 
Ecclesiastical  silver,  31 
Edgar,  King,  3,  129,  131 
Edward  1,  13 

Wardrobe  account  of,  2 

II,  15 

III,  IS 

VI,  22,  146 

VII,  50,  55,  .84 


400 


INDEX 


Edward  the  Confessor,  6 
Egg-frames,  38 

Elizabeth,  Queen,  21,  22,  4=;,  77 
Elizabethan  designs,  104 

Period,  95 
Elsinus,  silversmith,  7 
Emblems,  ris  makers'  marks,  21'?,  21s 

Table  ol,  217 
Emes,  John,  mark  of,  359 
Enamel,  9,  1 3,  qq 

England,  spurious  silver  made  in,  208 
Engraving,  22,  34 

Modern,  on  old  articles,  203 
Entree- dishes,  194 
Epergnes,  181,  184,  185 

In  form  of  Chinese  pagoda,  185 
Eswy,  Ralph,  goldsmith,  14 
Evelyn's  Diary,  35 
Exchequer,  the,  30,  35,  38 
Excommunication  by  inch  of  candle,  is4 
Exeter,  mark  of,  395 
Extinguishers,  i  S3 

F,  as  mark  for  foreign  silver,  361 

Faringdon,  Sir  Nicholas,  goldsmith,  is 

Faryngdon,  Sir  William,  goldsmith,  14 

Fawkener,  Sir  Edward,  46 

Fetter  Lane,  132 

Feudal  system,  83 

Fire,  great,  of  London  in  1666,  18,  30,  120,  213 

Fitzgerald's  "  Life  and  Times  of  William  IV,"  1  39 

Flael,  Ralph,  silversmith,  9 

Flagons,  2S 

Flat  chasing,  22,  34 

Flaxman,  John,  42 

Florence,  77 

Forged  marks,  example  of,  361 

Forged  plate,  how  to  detect,  207 

Forgers  of  plate,  47 

Forging  plate,  methods  of,  201 

Punishment  of,  201 
Forks,  33,  77 

Three-pronged,  78,  79 

Two-pronged,  77,  78 
France,  spurious  silver  made  in,  208 
Frauds,  201 
Frowick,  Sir  Thomas  de,  goldsmith,  14 

Gamble,  Ellis,  silversmith,  40 
Gamble,  William,  silversmith,  43,  46 
Gaveston,  Piers,  15 
Gelasius,  pope,  145 
Gems,  101 
Genesis,  91 


Gentiles,  145 
George  I,  62 

II,  41,  64,  117 

III,  head  as  mark,  357,  358 

IV,  head  as  mark,  338 
"Gilda  Aurifabrorum,"  29,  214 
Glastonbury,  Abbey  of,  2 
Glyn,  Sir  Richard,  goldsmith,  45 
Godfrey,  Sir  Edmundbury,  126 

Gold,  I,  2,  6,  7,  8,  10,  13,  16,  18,  23,  49 
Goldcome,  Alderman  John,  95 
Gold  plate,  139 
Goldsmiths'  arms,  17 
Goldsmiths  as  bankers,  29 

Goldsmiths'    Company,  2,  9,  27,    118,  201,  202, 
206,  210,  355,  356,  361 

Bequest  to,  37 

Charter,  15 

Wardens  of,  213 
Goldsmiths'  Guild,  9 

Goldsmiths'    Hall,   15,    17,  43,  49,  50,    166,    176, 
213,  214,  356 

Dining-room  of,  5 1 

Grand  staircase  of,  52 
"Goldsmiths  or  Bankers  Discovered,"  book  of,  20 
Goldsmiths'  Row,  Cheapside,  17 
Gothic  architecture,  13 
Grasshopper,  sign  of,  19 
Greco-Roman  ideas,  41 
Greek  Church,  34 
Greeks,  73,  77 
Gresham  College,  19 
Gresham,  Sir  Thomas,  goldsmith,  25 

Portrait  of,  19 
Greville's  Journal,  139 
Griffin,  97 
"  Gull's  Horn  Book,"  95 

Hall,  Bishop,  83 
Hall-marking,  object  of,  35s 

Empowered  by  act  of  Parliament,  3S5,  3s6 
Hall-marks,  blunders  in  counterfeiting,  210 

Complete  table  of,  306 

Counterfeits  of,  201 

Earliest,  99 

Enlarged  examples  of,  3s6,  363 

Examples  of  irregular  stamping,  394 

Explanation  of,  3SS 
Of  example  of,  359 

On  gold,  202 

Position  of,  205 

Quick  method  of  using  table,  362 

Stamped  irregularly,  361 

Year,  period  of,  360 


INDEX 


401 


Hall-marks,  table  of,  from  1558  to  1903,  366,  393 
Of  Elizabeth  from  1558,  366 
James  1  from  1603,  369 
Charles  1  from  1623,  371 
Commonwealth  from  1649,  373 
Charles  11  from  1660,  373 
James  II  from  1685,  375 
William  and  Mary  from  1688,  376 
William  111  from  1695,  376 
Anne  from  1 702,  377 
George  1  from  1714,  378 
George  II  from  1727,  379 
George  III  from  1760,  382 
George  IV  from  1820,  386 
William  IV  from  1830,  ',87 
Victoria  from  1837,  388 
Edward  VII  from  1901,  393 
Hall-marks  on  caddies,  176 
Cake-baskets,  183 
Candelabra,  157 
Candlesticks,  140,   157 
Coasters,  197 
Coffee-pots,  1O6 
Creamers,  173 
Cruets,   187 
Dish-crosses,  199 
Epergnes,  186 
Jugs,  169 
Knives,  73 
Muffineers,  190 
Plates,  194 
Sauce-boats,  103 
Spoons,  66,  68 
Sugar-baskets,  175 
Tea-pots,  172 
Trays,  179 
Urns,  163 
Wine-funnels,  190 
Hampton  Court,  18,  26 
Hanaps,  91,  104 
Hanet,  Paul,  mark  of,  214 
Harache,  Pierre,  silversmith,  45 

Thomas,  silversmith,  45 
Hazlitt's  "  Livery  Companies  of  London,"  16 
Hebrews,  77 

Henry,  King  of  Navarre,  95 
Henry  I,  9 

II,  8 

III,  14 

VI,  emperor,  9 

VII,  18 
Vill,  18,  21 

Herbert's  "  Livery  Companies  of  London,"  10,  n 
Herculaneum,  42,  54 


Heriot,  George,  silversmith,  38 

Portrait  of,  3 1 
Heriot's  Hospital,  31 
Heywood's  "  Philocothonista,"  114 
Hildesheim,  Hanover,  137 
Hilliard,  Nicholas,  goldsmith,  25 

Portrait  of,  2'i 

Richard,  23 
"  History  or  Signboards,"  132 
Hoare,  Sir  Richard,  silversmith,  43 
Hoe,   Mr.   Robert,    103,    108,  112,    113,    110,  117, 

133,  156,  189 
Hogarth,  William,  46,  132,  133,  133 
Holbein,  Hans,  2 1 
Holland,  Earl  of,  26 
Holland,  spurious  silver  made  in,  208 
Holms,  Mr.  J.  A.,  100 
Hone's  "  Every  Day  Book,"  131 

"  Year  Book,"  26 
Horn  cup,  the  way  used,  96 
Howard,  Henry,  101 
Hundred  Years' War,  is 
Hunt  &  Roskell,  silversmiths,  47 

1,  used  instead  of  j,  215 

Images,  6,  14 

India,  49 

Indian  Ocean,  98 

Inkstands,  41 

Inscriptions,  fraudulent,  204 

Ironmongers'  Hall  Catalogue,  103 

Irregular  stamping  of  hall-marks,  361 

Italy,  77 

Jackson,  Mr.  C.  J.,  33 
Jacobean  Society,  43 
James  I,  23,  34 

II,  ?7 
Jars,  21 

Jesus,  presentation  of,  in  the  Temple,  145 
Jewelry,  10,  n,  26,  29,  35 
Jewels,  84 
Jews,  73 

Jug,  the  West  Mailing,  168 
Jugs,  168 

Stoneware,  108 

Tiger,  168 

Kandler,  Charles,  silversmith,  139 
Kettles,  159,  160,  161,  162 

Anglo-Saxon,  160 

Hall-marks  on,  160,  162 
"  Kings  pattern,"  64 
Knives,  15,  53,  73 


402 


INDEX 


Knives,  dessert,  75 

Pistol-handled,  74,  7, 
Knole,  mansion  of,  30,  154 

Labis,  54 

Lacroix's  "Arts  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  8 

Ladyman,  John,  mark  of,  233 

Lamerie,  Paul  de,  silversmith,  47,  118,  181,  193 

Marks  of,  207,  230,  558 

Period  of,  41,  42,  230 
Lamps,  145 

Langton,  Thomas,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  90 
Laughton,  John,  mark  of,  230,  394 
Leo,  a  silversmith,  6 
Leofstane,  silversmith,  9 
Leopard's  head,  mark  of,  06,  356,  357 

Crowned,  mark  of,  357 

Without  crown,  mark  of,  357,  359,  387 

With  whiskers,  357,  361,  393 

First  used,  15 

The  mark  for  London,  358 
Le  Sage,  John  Hugh,  silversmith,  4=; 
Le  Sage,  Simon,  silversmith,  45 
Life  Guards,  1 14 
Lion,  mark  of,  356 
First  used,  22 
For  standard,  338 

Passant,  mark  of,  357 

Passant  guardant,  mark  of,  356 

Head  erased,  3s8 
Livery  Companies,  50 
Lloyd,  Robert,  92 
Lock,  Nathaniel,  mark  of,  213 
Lombard  Street,  18,  19 
London  directoiies,  215,  216,  219,  228 
London  hall-marks,  355 

Enlarged  examples  of,  363 
London  Livery  Companies,  93 
London  silversmiths  from  1801  to  i8so,  329,  354 
Lord  Mayor's  feast,  92 
Louis  XIV,  30 
Louis  XVI  artists,  42 
Lowe,  Edward,  mark  of,  215 
Lustres,  2 1 
Lyons,  Lord,  93 

Maces,  30 

Of  House  of  Commons,  29 
Machinery,  use  of,  48 
Magna  Charta,  13 
Makers'  marks,  21  3 

From  1697  to  1800,  216,  231,  328 

Previous  to  1720,  214 

After  1720,  214 


Makers'  marks,  initials,  21s 

In  italics,  213 

In  old  English,  215 

In  Roman  letters,  213 

All  changed  in  1739,  214,  215 

Different  styles  of  letters  for,  in  1739,  21^ 

Duplication  and  confusion  of,  214 

Earliest,  21  3 

Emblems,  2 13 

Made  compulsory,  15 

Not  a  hall-mark,  213 

Ordered  by  statute,  213 

On  copper  plate,  216,  227,  228 

Several  for  same  maker,  214 

Unknown,  216,  219,  226 

With  crown,  213 
Malcolm  III  of  Scotland,  92 
Marks,  altering  of,  207 

Articles  with  single  mark  to  be  avoided,  208 

Partly  obliterated,  example  of,  361 

Provincial,  395 
Marquand  sale,  48 
Mary,  queen,  21,  22 

Mayors  of  London,  10,  17,  35,  38,  43,  4s 
Mazers,  137 
Meat-dishes,  193,  194 

Altered  to  waiters,  205 
Medieval  period,  95 
Middle  Ages,  83,  91,  92,  97,  147 

Silversmiths  of,  7 
Middle  names,  quite  recent,  21  i 
Middleton,  Sir  Hugh,  silversmith,  38 

Portrait  of,  27 
Miniature-painter,  23 
Mint,  the,  33 
Mirrors,  2 1 ,  30 
Monograms,  132 
Monstrances,  14 

"  Monuments  of  superstition,"  147 
Morgan,  Mr.  J.  Pierpont,  so,  120 
Morgan,  Rev    Octavius,  37,  337 
Moser,  Mr.  G.  M.,  46 

Moses  instructed  to  make  golden  spoons,  54 
Muffineers,  187,  189,  190,  191 
Mugs  altered  to  jugs,  205 
Munich,  147 
Mustard-pots,  193,  198 

Napoleon,  figure  of,  49 

Narwhal,  horn  of,  93 

Natiian,  the  prophet,  35 

Nefs,  14,  15 

Nehemiah,  91 

Nelme,  Anthony,  silversmith,  45 


INDEX 


403 


Nelme,  Francis,  silversmith,  45 

New  or  Britannia  standard,  358 

Newcastle-on-Tyne,  mark  of,  595 

New  College,  Oxford,  98 

New  River  Company,  27 

New  Year's  day,  93 

New  York,  forged  silver  made  in,  210,  361 

Norman  Conquest,  131 

Influence  on  silversmith's  art,  7 
Nuremberg,  103 

"  Old  English  Plate,"  91 

Old,  or  "  sterling,"  standard,  358 

Onslow  pattern,  64 

Ormond  Hospital  Loan  Collection,  106 

Osbern's  biography  of  Dunstan,  s 

Otho,  William  Fitz,  goldsmith,  14 

Oxford  College,  50 

Oxney,  Solomon,  silversmitii,  17 

Pantin,  family  of,  silversmiths,  45 

i'aris,  Mathew,  7 

Parr,  Sarah,  mark  of,  394 

Partridge,  Affable,  goldsmith,  25 

Payne,  Humphrey,  silversmith,  45 

Payne,  John,  silversmith,  45 

Pearls,  101 

Pell,  Rev.  Alfred  Duane,  138,  150,  193 

Pembroke  College,  Cambridge,  99 

Peninsula,  49 

Pepper-pots,  87,  190,  191 

Pepys,  diary  of,  111,  1 59 

Perry,  Mr.  MarsdenJ.,  80,  185 

Pewter  utensils,  21 

Philadelphia  museum,  54 

Philip  of  Spain,  21 

"  Philocothonista,"  25 

Phylacteriums,  8 

Piercing,  fancy  and  plain,  42 

Pitchers,  1  3 

Plague,  the,  30,  126 

Platel,  Pierre,  silversmith,  45 

Mark  of,  230 
Plates,  193 

Altered  to  bowls  or  baskets,  205 
Player,  Gabriel,  mark  of,  230 
Plummer,  William,  silversmith,  45 
Plymley,  Francis,  mark  of,  230 
Poculum  caritatis,  93 

Pollen's  "  Gold  and  Silver  Smiths'  Work,"  6 
Pompeii,  42,  54,  156 
Porringers,  37,  113 

Queen  Anne,  1  13 
Posset,  1 1 1 


Posset-cup,  1 1 1 

Potato-rings,  206 

Price,  the  highest,  ever  paid,  100 

Prince  of  Wales,  1 39 

Punch-bowls,  137,  139,  142 

Ladles,  137,  143 
Pyne,  Benjamin,  silversmith,  45 
Pyxes,  10 

"  Raven,"  tavern,  132 
Raven  Andrew,  mark  of,  213 
Reformation,  the,  21,  22,  50,  51 

Destruction  of  plate  during,  2 
Regalia,  the,  35 
Relics,  7 

Reliquaries,  7,  10 
Renaissance,  22 

Plate,  45 

Style,  104 
Restoration,  the,  60,  66 
Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua,  46 
Rhenish  wine,  92 
Rhinoceros,  horn  of,  95 
Richard,  Abbot  of  St.  Albans,  7 
Richard,  Coeur  de  Lion,  9 
Richard  111,  17 

Robert,  Abbot  of  St.  Albans,  10 
Rokesley,  Gregory  de,  goldsmith,  14 
Roman  capitals  as  date  letters,  359 
Romans,  the,  77,  145,  156 
Rome,  77 
Roundheads,  60 
Royal  Exchange,  19 

Rundell  &  Bridge,  silversmiths,  42,  47,  1  ^9 
Rush,  Thomas,  mark  of,  394 

Sackville,  Lord,  154 

St.  George  and  the  dragon,  101 

St.  George's  Hall,  Windsor,  1 59 

St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  104,  109 

St.  Peter-in-cheap,  Church  of,  18 

Salts,  13,  14,  34,  49,  83 

Bell,  84,  87 

Gold,  84 

Hall-marks  on,  89 

Hour-glass,  86 

Individual,  88 

Pedestal,  82,  86 

Pierced,  88 

Steeple,  8s,  87,  105 

Trencher,  88 
Salvers,  38,  41,  177 

Oval,  179 
Sauce-boats,  38,  193,  194,  195,  196 


404 


INDEX 


Sauce-boats,  altered  to  basins,  205 

Saucepans  altered  to  tankards,  205 

Saxon  ornaments,  1,  7 

Schoreal,  painter,  147 

Sconces,  21,  145,  154,  155 

Scott's  "  Fortunes  of  Nigel,"  31 

Sefton,  139 

Seven  Oaks,  154 

Seychelles,  island  of,  98 

Seymour,  Jane,  21 

Shagreen  cases,  1 76 

Shaw's  "  Dresses  and  Decorations  of  the    Middle 

Ages,"  8,  147 
Siiaw,  Sir  Edmund,  silversmith,  17 
Sheaths,  silver,  73 
Sheffield,  73 

Mark  of,  395 

Whittle,  73 
Shells,  38 

Forerunner  of  spoons,  53 
Shields,  49 

Indented,  with  date  letter,  360 

Shape  of,  to  determine  date,  359 
Shrines,  7,  10,  360 
Silversmiths'  art,  deterioration  of,  47 

In  abbeys  and  monasteries,  1,  2,  6,  8 

Of  London  from  1801  to  1850,  215,  329,  354 
Simeon,  145 

"  Simon  the  Cellarer,"  1 14 
Skewers  altered  to  spoons  and  ladles,  205 
Skinners,  Company  of,  103 
Snow,  Sir  Jeremiah,  silversmith,  37,  38 
Snow,  Thomas,  silversmith,  45 
Snuff-box,  62 
Snuffers,  i^; 
Solomon,  king,  55 
Soup-plates,  194 
South   Kensington   Museum,  50,  62,  66,  1 1  ■;,  119, 

120,    127,    130,     138,    143,   147,    14S,    ISO,   isi, 

152,  155,  165 
Sovereign's  head  as  mark,  42,  202,  207,  357,  384 

Period  of,  359 
Spoons,  15,  53 

Acorn,  58,  59 

After-dinner  coffee,  60,  62,  66 

Altered  to  forks,  205 

Anointing,  54 

Apostle,  56,  57,  58 

Ball,  60 

Bird,  60 

Bronze,  54 

Caddy,  66,  70,  71 

Coronation,  55 

Dessert,  60 


Spoons,  diamond  point,  57,  58 
.Earliest  hall-marked,  55 

Egyptian,  54 

Eucharistic,  54 

Fiddle  back,  64,  6s 

Golden,  54 

Hall-marks  on,  66 

Horn,  54 

Ice-cream,  66 

Ivory,  S4 

Kings  pattern,  64,  67 

Lion,  58,  59 

Maidenhead,  5s,  56,  57,  58 

Marrow,  62,  6'! 

Master,  56,  s8 

"  Old  English"  pattern,  64,  67 

"  Onslow  "  pattern,  64,  67 

Orange,  66 

Puritan,  60,  61 

St.  Nicholas,  56,  57,  sS 
Record  price  for,  58 

St.  Peter,  56 

Salt,  66 

Seal,  58,  S9 

Serving,  60 

Shell,  60 

Six-squared,  60,  61 

Slipped  in  the  stalk,  60,  61 

Snuff,  62 

Split  end,  60,  61,  62 

Strawberry,  58 

Rat  tail,  60,  61,  64 

Rounded  top,  62,  64,  65 

Table,  60,  62 

Tea,  60,  62 

Wavy  end,  60,  63,  64 

Wood,  S4 
Sprimont,  Charles,  silversmith,  4s 
Standards,  21 

Starkie-Gardner,  Mr.  J.,  21,  -57 
State  banquets,  92 
Statuettes  of  saints,  6,  14 
Sterling  standard,  230,  35s,  358 
Storr,  Paul,  silversmith,  47,  IS2,  170 
Storr  &  Mortimer,  silversmiths,  47 
Stothard,  Thomas,  painter,  42 
Stow,  17,  18 

Streets,  spelling  of  the  names  of,  216 
Stubbs,  bishop,  s 
Subtractions,  202,  20 ■; 
Sugar-baskets,  iso,  17s 

Basins,  iso,  17s 

Sifters,  38 

Tongs,  38 


INDEX 


405 


Surrey,  Earl  of,  101 

"  Sweet  Apple,"  tavern,  1  52 

Swift,  Dean,  "  Directions  to  Servants, 

Swords   25 


'79 


Tabernacle,  the,  54 
Tables,  2 1 

Of  London  hall-marks,  366 

Of  silver,  30 
Tangmer,  Henry,  97 
Tankards,  25,  34,  125,  126 

Bone  and  silver,  12=; 

Chased,  133 

Crystal  and  silver,  1 25 

Earliest  known,  123,  125 

Engraved  by  Hogarth,  135 

German,   125,  154 

Hall-marks  on,  135 

Lamb,  132 

Lion,  132 

Norwegian,  125 

Peacock,  132 

Peg,  129,  151 

Poison,  125 

Whistle,  128 
Taper,  candlesticks,  153 
"Tatler,  The,"  142 
Tax  on  plate,  42,  202,  357 

Abolished,  357 

Evasion  of,  202 
Tea,  introduction  of,  into  England,  ^8,  is9,  170 
Tea-caddies,   1 59 

Pots,  159,  170,  171,  172 
Bell-shaped,  170 
Melon-shaped,  170 

Services,  38 

Tax  on,  159 
Temple,  the,  14s 

The  inner,  102 
Toast-racks,  38 
Toilet  services,  30,  37 
Toys,  41 

Transformations,  202,  205 
Transpositions,  202,  206 

Methods  of,  206 
Trays,  177,  178,  180 

Beaded,  177 

Chippendale,  177 

For  kettles,  162,  179 

For  tea-pots,  170,  179 

Gadroon,  177 

Pierced,  177,  179 

Small,  for  tankards,  179 
Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge,  107 


Triptychs,  10 
Trusler,  Rev.  John,  46 
Tudor  period,  56 
Tulip  leaf  ornament,  34 
Tureens,  38,  194 
Tweed,  i';4 

Unicorn,  horn  of,  95 

Unknown  makers'  marks,  tables  of,  219,  226 

Urns,  159,  163 

Vase,  Warwick,  141,  142 
Vegetable-dishes,  194 
Venice,  77 
Vesuvius,  54 
Victoria,  Queen,  47 

Head  of,  as  mark,  3s8 
Virgin  Mary,  56 
Vyner,  Sir  Robert,  goldsmith,  35 

Portrait  of,  35 

Waiters,  177 

Altered  to  bowls  or  baskets,  205 
Ward,  Sir  William,  goldsmith,  37 
Wars  of  the  Roses,  16,  18 
Warwick  frames,  187,  190 
Warwick  vase,  141,  142 
Wassail  bowl,  9; 
Waverley,  Scott's,  103 
Wedgwood,  Josiah,  42,  151 

Pottery,  42 
Wellington,  Duke  of,  48 
Wells,  Mrs.  W.  Storrs,  1^2,  172 
West  Mailing  jug,  168 
Westman,  Mr.  H.  O.,  53 
Whistle  on  tankards,  128 
Widener,  Mr.  P.  A.  B.,  158 
Willaume,  David,  silversmith,  45 

Mark  of,  358 
William,  the  Conqueror,  67 

And  Mary,  37,  60 

Of  Gloucester,  goldsmith,  14 

III,  }},  54,  '48 

IV,  head  as  mark,  358 
Windreda,  St  ,  7 
Windsor  Castle,  30 
Wine-coolers,  137,  140 
Wine-funnels,  187,  190,  191 

Altered  to  pierced  baskets,  205 
Wine-labels,  38 

Winter  Palace,  St.  Petersburg,  139 
Wolsey,  Cardinal,  18,  2S 
Wood,  Thomas,  silversmith,  17 
Wordsworth,  William,  113 


GETTY  CENTER  LIBRARY 


3  3125  00735  8530 


